高中英语语法不定式.doc

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1、动词不定式考点（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。 E.g. He wants his students to read the book aloud.A基本形式1不定式的构成 （以动词do为例）主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无2J不定式的意义不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词

2、表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be tak

3、en to your parents? 不定式的进行式（to be doing）如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.eg: They are said to be building another bridge across the street.They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.Im glad to be working with yo

4、u.不定式的完成式 (to have done)如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).eg:He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have invited us.The assistant seemed to have been fired.He is said to have been taught French when he was a ch

5、ild.Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.不定式的完成进行式(to have been doing)如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.eg: They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Xinjiang.Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.B. 用法：由于动词不定式具有名次、形容

6、词、和副词的特征，所以它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。一、不定式作主语：1、 不定式作主语时，常可以改成动名词，如 To ask him for help is necessary.= Asking him for help is necessary. To see is to believe.2、 （1）it 为形式主语的句型：It took (us) two hours to get there by bike.(2) 在一些形容事物性质的形容词（necessary, hard, difficult, possible, unusual, normal, suitable, pr

7、oper, appropriate等）句型中，动词不定式的复合结构为 for sb. to do , 如：It is important for us to take part in physical labor.(3) 在一些形容人的品性的形容词（polite, rude, kind, friendly, wrong, clever, wise, stupid, silly, foolish等）句型中，动词不定式的复合结构为 of sb. to do, 如It was stupid of her to make such a mistake.注意：1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数2) it形式

8、主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 3）主系表结构 To see is to believe. 二、不定式作表语：1、主语多用aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等抽象名词或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来的动作或状态。eg: My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.What I would suggest is to start work at o

9、nce. My wish is to be a scientist.The main thing is to keep our room clean.2、不定式作表语时，常可以改成动名词，如 The great happiness is to serve the people.= The great happiness is serving the people.三、不定式作宾语1、 接不定式作宾语的动词及短语：manege, decide, choose, learn, pretend, afford, offer, fail, hesitate, arrange, plan, intend

10、, tend, aim, attempt, happen, help, agree, want, ask, promise, expect, wish, demand, long, would/should like, take steps/measures/action, make up ones mind, try ones best, do ones utmost, be determined/make efforts/spare no effort, take pains/trouble, go al the way/go out of ones way, 如 He pretended

11、 to be listening attentively2、 I thought it an honor to have been invited to the party. (it 为形式宾语，不定式的完成被动式）3、 He gave us some advice on how to learn English. (不定式作介词的宾语）*注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop go on remember forget regret try mean cant help be used to2某些及物动词think,believe,consider,feel

12、,find,make等后常用it作形式宾语 e.g Technology makes it possible to realize our dream.四、不定式作定语1、 “have”, “there be”, “with” 表示有某是要去做，后面的名词常用不定式结构作定语，如： Have you got anything to say? With nothing to do, he went home. There is nothing (for us) to think about.2、 以不定式作定语修饰含有序数词的名词，又是序数词后的名词可省略， 如：She was the firs

13、t (person)to think of the idea.3、 一些名词（right, chance, opportunity, ability, plan, attempt, wish, desire等）常用不定式作定语，如：In the past,women had no right to vote. Id like to have a chance to see more of him. This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience.4、 当动词与不定式搭配时，其名词形式后的定语一般也用不定式，这类词主要有： plan,

14、 promise, desire, refuse, decide, agree, attempt, tempt, wish, fail等，如： （1）They planned to go abroad. They made some changes in their plan to go abroad.(2) He failed to carry out his promise. His failure to get their support led to his resignation.5、 当形容词与不定式搭配时，其名词形式后的定语一般用不定式，这类词主要有：willing, ready

15、, anxious, eager, able, ambitious等，如： （1）He is willing to help people in need. Im impressed by his willingness to help people.(2) He isnt courageous enough to ask for help. I had not the courage to tell you.五、不定式作状语1、 不定式作状语时，主要表示“目的”，如：To/In order to pass the university entrance examination, he wor

16、ks deep into night.(句首可用To/In order to)He works deep into night to/in order to/so as to pass the university entrance examination.(句中可用to/in order to/so as to)2、 不定式作状语时，也可表“结果”，如：（1） 下列固定结构中用不定式表结果： The problem is too difficult (for me) to work out. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. The ice

17、is thick enough to walk on.（2） 不定式表预料外的结果，常用only或never放在不定式前表强调，如： I visited him (only) to find him out. After that day they were separated, never to see each other again. 3、形容词后不定式表原因，这类词主要有：glad, gappy, eager, anxious, sorry, sad, surprised, astonish, amazed等，如：They were very sad to hear the news.

18、六、不定式作补足语Ask, tell, order, request, require, persuade, urge, invite, remind, inspire, encourage, warn, cause, force, enable, advise, recommend, permit, allow, forbid, wish, expect, command等动词后常接不定式作宾补，如：Toms parents often warn him not to fall into bad company. (warn sb. Not to do sth. 警告某人别做某事)Remin

19、d me to give you Tracys number before you go. ( remind sb to do sth.提醒某人做某事) 注1 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，则作宾补的不定式不可带to，这些动词有see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let等。eg :I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that?但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone

20、 was heard to come up the stairs.注2 .help后可以直接用带to或不带to的不定式作宾语。 They helped (to) carry the furniture upstairs.七、独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like you. They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact.类似的有：to be frank坦率地说，to cut a long story short 长话短说，等等三、不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加not，表示较强的否定意义时可用never。eg:I

21、told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again.四、动词不定式的“省略”不定式省to 1. 在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than, cannot but, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如: Youd better tell her the truth. 你最好告诉她真相。2. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的

22、其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。如: What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳,你还喜欢干什么? My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 妈妈只好等着医生的到来。 Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. (本句中不定式符号to不可省略) 当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她了。3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常

23、要保留。eg: They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系) 他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。4.在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。如:They made that ma

24、n work all the morning. 他们让那个人干了一个早晨。That man was made to work all the morning. 那个人被要求干了一个早晨。5. 不定式短语作表语,不定式符号to常常要保留,但主语部分含有动词do或do的其他形式时,作表语的不定式常省略不定式符号to。如:The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself.我现在唯一能做的就是靠自己继续进行下去。