英语段落写作方法与技能.ppt

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1、Part Two: Paragraph Writing,Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph 1. 段落的主题与主题句 2. 段落的扩展 3. 段落的结尾 Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns 1. 列举法(Listing) 2. 举例法(Exemplification) 3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence) 4. 因果分析法(Cause and Effect) 5. 比较对照法(Comparison I mean wide awake. In the second place,

2、reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, written helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2.举

3、例法(Exemplification)A general statement supported by some examples,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For

4、 example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their

5、interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由 In short引导的结尾句总结全段内容。,常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有： For example/instance, There are many examples to show that

6、 This can be illustrated / shown by the following examples / instances. One example is . Another example is An example of this is / involves ,运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下： Topic sentenceone or more examplesConcluding sentence.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,Home work: Knowing A foreign Language is H

7、elpful,参考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience. Yesterday morning, I went to the bookstore to buy some books. When I got there, I saw a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl. But the salesgirl could not understand what she was sayin

8、g. I went up to them. She told me she needed a pocket English-Chinese dictionary. So I told the salesgirl what the foreigner wanted to buy. In a moment the foreign lady got the dictionary and she was very happy. Both she and the salesgirl thanked me a lot.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,

9、Home work: Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful,参考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. Firstly, if you know a foreign language you can communicate with its native speakers thus enabling you to make a lot more friends. Secondly, it will help you to know about another culture and open your mind

10、 to new was of seeing things. Thirdly, it may offer you more chances to find a good job in a joint venture enterprise or an foreign-funded enterprise. So, knowing a foreign language is very important, we college students must work hard to master a foreign language.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patte

11、rns,Back,3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence)To describe a series of actions or a situation according to the time or space sequence,时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末， 从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解 文章的含义。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,例如： Yesterday was

12、 one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lu

13、nch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key i

14、n my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件错事，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,再看一例： I

15、n the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen w

16、ent inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如： In the flat opposite, outside, lookout through the window等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。,常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：fir

17、st, at the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。,常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：from here, inside, out of, in front of, behind, at the back of, next to, beside, on, over, above, under, beneath, beyond, on the right/left-hand side, on the corner, on the op

18、posite side of, between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,Homework: My Dormitory is a Large, Spacious and Comfortable Room with Four Beds,参考范文： My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you are faced with a large window on

19、 the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during our study. The four beds are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on the east side of the room is a

20、 large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged books.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,4. 因果分析法(Cause and Effect)To analyze the causes of sth or the effects of sth,因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因，这就是一果多因（例1）

21、；也可以先给出原因，然后再说明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放在开头。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,例 1: (1) Now theres a large gap between rich and poor in China. (2)The cause lies in three aspects. (3) First the gap is the result of the economic reform. (4) Some become millionaires by

22、working hard and seizing the opportunities. (5) Meanwhile the slow development in agriculture and the closedown of many state-owned enterprises hinder the farmers and workers from greatly raising their living standards. (6) Second, the current distribution of income is not scientific enough, thus wi

23、dening the income difference. (7) Third, while most make money honestly, there are some dishonest businessmen and government agents who have accumulated large fortunes through illegal ways. （一果多因） 此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（6）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二级扩展句。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,例 2

24、：(1) Whenever we turn on TV, we will see advertisements. (2) Advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts of watching television. (3) In the first place, the advertisements waste time. (4) For instance, in order to see a 90-minute movie, we have to spend another 20 to 30 more minutes watchin

25、g advertisements. (5) In the second place, the advertisements interrupt the viewers. (6) For example, the viewers may forget the plot of a show during the advertisements. (7) In the third place, they make people under constant economic pressure. (8) The ads make many products look more attractive th

26、an they really are. (9) They always make people spend more than they can afford. (10) Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements in order to endure them. （一因多果） 此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（5）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分别是（3）、（5）、（7

27、）句的二级扩展句，（10）是结尾句。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。 因和果是相对而言的，有时一个原因导致的结果又会成为导致另一种结果的原因，从而形成一系列的因果关系。请看下例： As the price of everything increases, workers demand higher wages to keep up with rising costs. This can produces further increases in prices or a decreased demand

28、for manufactured goods, or both. Since production tries to keep pace with demand, decreased demand is followed by decreased production. This, in turn, can lead to layoffs (下岗) and unemployment, which further the demand for goods.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,上面三段的展开模式为：,模式1 CauseEffect

29、 1Effect 2, Concluding Sentence,模式2 EffectCause 1Cause 2, Concluding Sentence,模式3 Cause1Effect1（Cause 2）Effect2 (Cause3)Effect3Concluding Sentence,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：,The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is The reasons

30、for are , is the result of is caused by/ due to/ because of because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result from,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：,The result/ effect/ consequence of

31、is will result in Therefore, ,As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of ,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,Homework: Smoking Results in a Series of Negative Effects,参考范文： Smoking results in a series of negative effec

32、ts. To begin with, it has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness. And what is worse, it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. That is why such warning as “smoking is harmful to your health” must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case

33、in western countries. Further more, passive smoking occurs in your family members and other people as a result of your smoking at home or in public places. Consequently, their health will be unfavorably influenced.,点击继续,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,In addition, smoking adds to your fin

34、ancial difficulty if you happen to be short of money. Even if you are rich, you are encouraged to spend your money on valuable books, nutritious food, high quality TV sets, etc., not on meaningless smoking. Therefore, giving up smoking is a good way to make you and your family happy.,Chapter Two: Ba

35、sic Paragraph Patterns,Back,5. 比较对照法(Comparison perform complex mathematical computations; translate languages. Differences: The brain can make value judgments; the computer cant. The brain can respond to emotions; the computer cant. The brain can function independently; the computer depends on huma

36、n beings,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,参考范文： The computer and the human brain are both similar and different. First, both the computer and the human brain can read and follow instructions; both of them can perform complex mathematical computations; and even, both can translate languages

37、. On the other hand, the computer and the human brain differ in several ways: The brain can make value judgments; but the computer cant. While the brain can respond to emotions; the computer has no emotion at all. The brain can function independently; but the computer can not work without human bein

38、gs program and instruction.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,6. 分类法(Classification)To explain sth. With classification method,当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时， 常常将其分成更小的类别， 这便是分类法。在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,如： Ever since humans

39、have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and

40、ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intenti

41、onally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,在该段中为了说明topic sentence中的 various forms of communica

42、tion，作者将其分为oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加阐述。,常用于分类法段落的句型、句式有： 1.Sth. may be classified / divided / categorized / put into several types / the following kinds / two categories / three main groups according to / on the basis of / depending upon 2.St

43、h. consists of / comprises 3.The classification is based upon 分类法的写作模式如下： 主题句+所分类别+各个类别的具体事例+结束句,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,Homework: We Can Communicate in Three Basic Ways,参考范文： We can communicate in three basic ways. Each way has its advantages. One way is speaking. When we speak,

44、we have a chance to judge our audiences reactions. If they dont understand, we can repeat as necessary to make our points. We can also invite additional questions and clarify additional aspects for our listeners. Another way of communicating is by writing. We can think of our subject thoroughly.,Cha

45、pter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,以上，我们讨论了展开段落的几种方法。一篇文章是由表达若干个主题思想的段落组成，在文章的实际写作中，我们可以根据各个段落表达主题的需要采用不同的段落展开方式，使文章丰富多彩。,Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,We can modify our development and polish our phraseology until we get it the way we want it. The third way of communicating is nonverbal. Nonverbal communication can be quite effective in a very noisy atmosphere, or when we dont want to dignify a response with actual words.,Thank You !,