陈新仁语法答案(44页).doc

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1、-陈新仁语法答案-第 44 页Unit 1Check your understanding1. F 2. F 3. F 4. TIn-Class Activities1. (1) No. Since the foreign language learners dont have the same linguistic environment as the native speakers do, they cannot develop their language awareness or intuition as the latter. L2 acquisitional and pedagog

2、ical experience has proved that teaching L2 grammar can facilitate and accelerate L2 learning. Thus, it is necessary for the learners to grasp the grammar if they want to learn English well.(2) A good mastery of grammar doesnt necessarily mean that the learner is competent enough to make use of the

3、knowledge to effectively express themselves. Also, after learning L2 grammar, L2 learners persist in making grammatical errors.(3) Sheer grammatical knowledge without practicing is not sufficient. L1 grammar affects the use of L2 grammar.(4) Open. 2. (1) Partly true. The different grammatical rules

4、between Chinese and English make it difficult for learners because the interference of the first language may cause troubles for L2 learners. (2) Yes. For example, usually, both English and Chinese sentences are generally composed of a subject, a predicate and an object. The attribute modifies nouns

5、, and the adverbial modifier modifies verbs or adverbs.(3) There seems to be too many exceptions to the grammatical rules in English. Open to other factors(4) Open.3. (1) I.(2) For instance: Jack is taller than me. Who will you meet this Friday?4. (1) “please” should be followed by an imperative sen

6、tence. “Invest here. Because your money wants to do more than bank” should be “Invest here because your money wants to do more than the bank (does). (2) For the former case, one can be economical of words; for the latter case, one can be emphatic by making “because ” salient.5. (1)“whos”, “ams”, “ a

7、 grown-up i & you- ful”, “known who and who”, etc. are ungrammatical.(2) Many readers would like the childishness and the playful use of pronouns. Probably, the poet may express his recall of and love for the youth and childhood. 6. (1) Formal structures: The publishing of the book brought him treme

8、ndous popularity Could it possible for you to hand me the pen? Standing on the top of the mountain, I could see the entire city below.Informal structures: The book was published and made him very popular. Give me a pen .I stood on the top of the mountain and could see the city all over. (2) Open.Pos

9、t-Class Tasks1. a. a set of rules for good use of the language (usu. taught to students); b. a set of rules as shown by native speakers in their use of the language; c. implicit knowledge that enables one to produce and understand sentences; d. theoretical construct of rules as found universal to al

10、l natural languages.2. Grammaticality is a relative or fuzzy term. Even among native speakers, there may be disagreement on the grammaticality of some sentences. Sometimes, therefore, we use “acceptability” to describe the well-formedness of a sentence. Some sentences may be more acceptable than oth

11、ers; a sentence may be more acceptable to some people than to others. The following two sentences may be good examples: Usednt he to smoke? Shes gonna visit us tomorrow.3. Because appropriateness of grammar is part of what we communicate in real life. For instance, the more formal, the greater socia

12、l distance. 4. No business too small, no problem too big. Impossible made possible. Every time a good time.Unit 2Check your understanding1. True.2. Not exactly. The subject complement may include both the predicative and the complement that is not the predicative, as in He fell down dead.3. True.4.

13、True.5. False. For instance, the object cannot be positioned between the subject and the predicator verb in English.In-class activities:1. (1) Picture 1: By the use of the capitalized NOT, one can alert visitors to the need to buy tickets. Picture 2: By responding to the presupposition that some may

14、 belittle the card, one can be emphatic in promoting the sale of the card.Picture 3: By saying “not as usual”, one may distinguish oneself from other business magazines.(2) Ways of sentence-negation are various: the employment of “not” following auxiliary; No+verb+ing（adverbial）; the use of negative

15、 frequency adverbials (seldom, by no means, etc.); the combined use of negative adverbials with inversion, etc.(3) not at all; inversion + negation not the least / not a damn / never in my life 2. (1) The common structure is “Subject + (auxiliary+) be +V-ed (past participle).“Subject + (auxiliary+)

16、get +V-ed (past participle) (2) We prohibit interfering with security personnel or procedures in any manner. Only authorized airport personnel may operate this elevator. We appreciate your comments on this exhibition.(3) They are usually used in the following situations or for the following reasons:

17、a. the agent of the action in question is unknown or unnecessary to tell;b. the patient or the target of the action is the focus of the topic;c. the unwillingness to define the agent out of inconvenience, politeness or courtesy, etc.d. a consideration of sentence development for coherence sake. Besi

18、des, the choices of passives should also take into consideration the stylistic differences. Passive-voice sentences are usually formal than their corresponding active-voice sentences.3. (1) Yes, “offer” and “prepare” respectively, for example.(2) We say “provide/supply sth. to sb.” or “provide/suppl

19、y sb. with sth.” Chinese students make such mistakes because they assume that “supply” and “provide” behave like “give”.(3) E.g.: Fix: I fixed Bill a good breakfast. / I fixed a good breakfast for Bill. Cook: Cook a meal for me, please. Cook yourself a meal!4. (1) a and b can, while c cannot. The fo

20、rmer has to do with some kind of existence and ownership, whereas the latter relates to the occurrence/appearance of something.(2) a. * There are many students fail in the final exam. (two main verbs in a single sentence) b. * There are the boys on the playground. (there-be often takes indefinite NP

21、s) Chinese students sometimes make these mistakes due to the negative transfer of their mother tongue, as shown in the first case. For the second, they misuse determiners. (3) When there is a definite reference of the pollution problem for both sides, usu. mentioned earlier, i.e. the problem was men

22、tioned earlier or when both sides know the existence of the referent even though it is not mentioned. (4) In traditional English grammar, we classify them into sentences with a formal subject, which we use to refer to or talk about time, weather, week, date, etc. There are no such formal equivalents

23、 in Chinese.5. (1) Yes. Do not leave valuables unattended: a. Do not put valuables in an unattended state. b. Do not depart from valuables that are not attended.Life needs a great deal:a. One needs to do many things for a good life.b. Life requires a great transaction.(2) Not completely. leave + obj

24、ect / leave + N + object + object complement; a great deal: many things / a great transaction. (3) The two sentences are ambiguous in terms of their deep structure rather than on surface structure.6. (1) The 1st person subject, the simple present tense, verbs indicating personal judgment or intentio

25、n, and a matrix clause followed by a subordinate one (the infinitive clause can be expanded into a that-clause). (2) To mitigate the tone of negation, to be less subjective. (3) e & g yes; f not. Post-Class Tasks1. The attributives are not considered in the classification of the sentence patterns, b

26、ecause they are part of the subject, the object, or the complement. Their absence does not affect the grammaticality of the sentence.2. a. SVC b. SV c. SVOC d. SVC e. SVOiOd f. SVOC g. SVA h. SVOC3. a. plunged open b. a great story open c. should customers open d. boring open4. a. Joan was kissed by

27、 Jack a second time.b. Joan was convinced by Jack to marry him. * Joan was convinced to marry him by Jack. c. An email about his trip was sent by Jack to Joan. d. Joan was expected by Jack to finish the project by the end of this month.The project was expected for Joan to finish by the end of this m

28、onth by Jack.For Joan to finish the project by the end of this month was expected by Jack. More: The project was expected by Jack to be finished by the end of this month. It was expected by Jack that Joan would finish the project by the end of this month. It was expected by Jack that the project wou

29、ld be finished by Joan by the end of this month.5. The verbs used in sentences a and b are intransitive while those in c and d are transitive. a and b describe properties or characteristics while c and d describe temporary states.6. (3) The present study is aimed to investigate one important aspect

30、of Chinese college EFL learners pragmatic developmentthe acquisition of politeness strategies for performing speech acts.(4) It is hoped to find out whether and to what extent Chinese college EFL learners ability to communicate with native-like politeness has been improved after several years of stu

31、dy.(5) In so doing, the researcher seeks to reveal the developmental problems that might be met by the learners in the course of acquisition. Chinese students may assume passive-voice sentences are formal and thus are required in academic writing.7. Warning to violators and unauthorized vehicles. 8.

32、 a. A non-smoking section is available. No section for smoking is available. structurally ambiguous. b. Jack refused to change his own decision. Jack refused to change some other persons decision. not structurally but referentially ambiguous. c. not ambiguous. d. Are you tired of cleaning your own b

33、ody? Are you tired of doing cleaning by yourself? structurally ambiguous. e. Patent medicines are sold by people who are frightening. Patent medicines are sold in the way of making people scared. structurally ambiguous.Unit 3Check your understanding1. T2. F not complete; they are also functionally d

34、ifferent.3. T imperatives are also used to give invitations, for instance.4. F questions may take the form of statements plus a question mark.In-Class Activities1. (1) A1: ask about Jacks identity, profession, etc.A2: inquire B whether B knows Jack or not.A3: ask about the reason (why Jack got invol

35、ved) .A4: inquire whether we can ask Jack for help with the case.A5: inquire about Jacks cooking skill.A6: Ask for advice or permission to invite Jack to prepare the dinner.(2) B 1: inform A of Jacks identity, profession, etc.2: confirm an indirect positive answer (that B knows Jack).3: give an expl

36、anation. 4: confirm an indirect positive answer (that we can ask Jack for help).5: give the reason for a negative answer (that Jack cant cook well). 6: give the reason for a refusal (to ask Jack to prepare the dinner).2. (1) simple questions (or Yes-No questions): Q2,4,6,7,10,11,12,15,16,17; special

37、 questions (or Wh-questions): Q1,3,5,8,9,13,14; (2) request for information: Q3,5,8,13 invitation to action: Q1,2 seek confirmation: Q4,6,10,11,12,14,15,16,17 give criticism: Q7 ask for repetition: Q93. (1) Simple questions.(2) The use of simple questions here imposes a yes or no answer on the addre

38、ssee. In the context, the addressee actually has no choice between yes and no.4. (1) Simple questions with rhetorical purposes. (2) The first 2 are eye-catching, fascinating and attractive. The questions arouse the strong interests of the potential customers in the products advertised by appearing t

39、o be considerate and empathetic. The last one is rhetorical for being emphatic.5. (1) Invitation for action; prohibition; command for action; make a requirement.(2) Yes. The use of please in the first case is the most polite. Also compare: Please do not smoke here. Do not smoke, please. Do not smoke

40、! No smoking!(3) No. They are not imperatives in function, though they are in form. They express feelings ore attitudes. 6. (1) Usually verbs indicating feelings and attributes (Static verbs) are not used in imperative sentences.(2) Dynamic adjectives like “quick” and “patient” can be used in impera

41、tives together with BE. Static adjectives like “tall” and “young” cannot.Post-Class Tasks1. a. A b. D c. C d. A (B is also acceptable) e. A f. B g. C2. The reasons may be as follows: a. Renmin Daily faces much less market competition; it publicizes major political events, the latest laws, guidelines

42、 and essential editorials of current affairs, and therefore the headlines are usually serious, informative and mainly declarative; b. Yangtse Evening, as a commercialized metropolitan tabloid which faces fierce marketing pressures, promotes its sales volume by approaching civilians and being enterta

43、ining; as a result, headlines in question form are more frequently employed.3. a. What exciting films they are!b. What nonsense you are talking!c. Why are old people more conservative than young people? d. How can we solve the problem of pollution in China? e. No one knows why the child looks unhapp

44、y.f. Does John know what he should do?Chinese learners make such mistakes partly because of the influence of the negative transfer of their mother tongue, and partly because of their inadequate knowledge of the types and functions of English sentences.4. (1) B1: Jane is my friend.B2: I know Jane qui

45、te well. B3: Jane will certainly come to my birthday party.(2) B1: I did not want to see Jack.B2: I do not want Jacks help.B3: I do not like to talk to Jack, either.B4: I do not want to talk about Jack.5. a. Please make yourself at home.b. Take a seat, please.c. Call me back, OK?d. Do it yourself, w

46、ill you?e. Pass me the salt, wont you?f. Take care!6. “Lets” in Sentence (5) cannot be replaced with “Let us” in that the former includes the hearer while the latter is hearer-exclusive. In this fable, the father attempts to get on close terms with the serpent, so “Lets” is more appropriate.Lets be

47、friends again now that we are both satisfied.How right I was in trying to revenge him!Unit 4Check your understanding1. F2. F “们”3. R4. F For a subject singular in number and in the third person, the main verb in the present tense is also marked.5. F “just” as an adjective, for example, takes “more” and “most”.In-Class Activities1. (1) Group f. These nouns take the same form whether they refer to single persons or a group of people.(2) Group c. (3) Gr