GMAT曼哈顿语法总结(70页).docx

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1、-GMAT曼哈顿语法总结-第 70 页GMAT曼哈顿语法总结（自己手打总结）为了给逻辑和阅读题目留出更多的时间，每道语法题目最好在1分半到1分钟之内完成。需要运用split法进行排除。句首和句尾是split的关键，否则就没必要划线了。第二章 语法和语义GMAT句子改错最重要的是语义和语法。语义是句子作者的intended meaning.这种original intended meaning才是句子的真实句义。任何改变句义的选项都是错误的，语义是最最最重要的，通过语法来判断句义是辅助的，所以不能拘泥于语法，而是通过句义来判断作者的原意。所以，可以通过逻辑来找句义，而通过语法来排除那些特别错误的

2、选项。One of your tasks is to choose the answer choice that transmits the authors intent as clearly as possible. Dont alter the authors intent when you make your choice! (如果句子原文的句义没有错的话，则不能改变句义)Aggravate aggravatingKnown as known to be Loss of loss inMandate have a mandateNative of native to Range of r

3、anging Rate of rates forRise raiseTry to do try doing 区别以上词汇的含义区别句子里任何一个小词的改变，比如虚拟词汇的改变，或者词的位置的改变都会改变句子的含义，所以一定要细细体会这些“小词”的含义。Will: certainMay: uncertainMust: absolutely necessaryShould: morally obligated (on the GMAT, should almost always means “morally obligation”, not likelihood)Would: hypothetic

4、alPay attention to the original sentences helping verbsand only change them if the original sentence is obviously nonsensical.句子中任何一个词的位置的变化也会改变句子的含义：All the children are covered in mud.The children are all covered in mud.Only the council votes on Thursdays.The council votes only on Thursdays.If a w

5、ord changes its position in the answer choices, consider whether the change has an impact on the meaning of the sentence. Look out especially for short words that quantify nouns or otherwise restrict meaningThe council granted the right to make legal petitions to city officials.(有歧义，改成：The council g

6、ranted CITY OFFICIALS the right to make legal petitions. Or The right to make legal petitions to CITY OFFICIALS was granted by the council. 句子含义一定要合乎逻辑（we must remember that the subject and the verb must make sense together）句子含义：避免多余（no right answer on the GMAT will contain redundant words）比较常见的多余的形

7、式是使用同一含义的词，比如：The value of the stock rose by 10% increase.应改为：The value of the stock increase by 10%,or the value of the stock rose by 10%.再如：The three prices sum to a total of $11.56应改为：The three prices sum to $11.56. Or The three prices total $11.56表示时间的词汇：要注意一句话中只能出现一次表示同一含义的词，如果还要出现，则必须要有道理才行。(P

8、ure redundancy is always wrong on the GMAT)Past: previously, formerly, in the past, before nowPresent: now, currently, presently, at presentYearly: annual each year, a year简洁原则：Concision is preference on SC problems. However, some people are better off never applying it on the GMAT)自己总结：从逻辑找句义，从语法判断

9、句子是否正确书写，简洁原则是最后关注的），一切都服从句义。Problem set1. How matter how much work it may require, getting MBA turns out to be a wise investment for most people (correct, 但是不太明白那个it代表什么)2. Even though it requires much work, getting MBA turns out to be a wise investment for most people(incorrect, 因为它改变了句子的原意)3. She

10、 is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day watering the more than 50 plants in her yard.(correct, more than修饰50 plants in her yard) 4. She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day watering more than the 50 plants in her yard.（incorrect, more than 修饰the 50 plants in her yar

11、d，隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外，还给其他东西浇水，改变了句子的含义）5. Hector remembers San Francisco as it was when he left ten years ago.(correct,不太明白这句话的含义) 6.Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which stems success in college applications.(correct,个人认为是倒装，详细见第三章的fli

12、p it) 7. Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which success in college applications stems.(correct, flip it)第三章 主语和谓语的一致任何一个句子里，主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是make sense的一、 一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有，否则为fragment:GMAT错误句子常见方式：1. drop the verbs: The electron named i

13、n 1894.2. 连词开头且没有主句：because the dog was never mine二、 主语和谓语必须合理make senseThe development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.(incorrect)Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be abl

14、e to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.(correct)三、 主语和谓语必须在数量上一致GMAT often tries to confuse you before you make the subject-verb match.如何找句子中的主语呢：1. eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warmupGMAT hides the subject in a few ways: the most common way by far is to insert words between the su

15、bject and the verb:介词短语：(Near Galway), the houses (on the road to Spiddle) are gorgeous.从句：（like prepositions phrases, many subordinate clauses modify other parts of the sentence, acting as big adj or big adv. Some subordinate clauses even act as big nouns）(When the auditors left), the executive (wh

16、o had been interviewed) was glad.其他修饰语：例如现在分词，过去分词等修饰语，往往利用逗号可以很好的找到修饰语。(Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away. 2.利用结构来判断主语 A noun in a prepositional phrase can not be the subject of the sentence.(后文有例外) In the waning days of the emperors life, the conquest (of ne

17、w lands on the borders of the empire) was considered vital. The tidal forces (to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected) are sufficient to tear the object apart. 3. And vs. Additive phrases 只有AND改变主语的复数形式，其他表示“和”的词语都只是修饰，可以省略看待。 Additive phrases: along with, in addition to, as well a

18、s , accompanied by , together with, including Only the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects.Example: Joe, as well as his friends, is going to the beach. Mathematics, in addition to history and sciences, is a

19、 required subject. 表示“学科、疾病、一些活动（如杂技）”等词都是单数形式。Rules: （1）Or, eitheror, neither nor: 就近原则Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.（2）Either, neither:总是单数（3）集合名词：总是单数：Agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, tea

20、m, baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture（例外：如果句义强调集合名词中的个体，则使用复数，但是本考试中，结合名词一般是单数的含义）The crowd in the stands is cheering loudly as the home team takes the field.Our Army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.（4）不定代词：总是单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing

21、, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either, neither(单独使用)例外：some of , any of , none of, all of, more of, most of谓语动词视后面的名词而定。（sanam of的主语是后面的名词）Some of the money was stolen from my walletSome of the documents were stolen from the bankAny o

22、f these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends is here this weekend. (5)each, every: 总是单数Every dog has paws.Every dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty. 注意：They each are great tennis players. Each是插入语，可以省略。(6) 数量词和短语 The number of is (单数，主语是the numbe

23、r)A number ofare(复数， 主语是复数)表述数量的词，如： half, majority, minority, plurality谓语动词的形式看其前面的名词是复数还是单数。 （原则同sanam+of短语）Half of the pie is blueberry, and half of the slices are already gone. The majority of the students in this class are hard workers. In the Senate, the majority has coalesced into a unified v

24、oting block.（7）主语从句和短语：谓语动词总是单数Having good friends is a wonderful thing.Whatever they want to do is fine with me. 3. flip it 倒装句的谓语动词总是看其真正的主语，跟主语的数的形式一致Near those buildings sits a Lonely house, inhabited by squatters. There are a young man and an older women at the bus stop.Pong is a classic game f

25、rom which have descended many current computer pastimes. Problems set Computer games designed to involve many players at once have proliferated; such games were first developed before the widespread availability of high-speed internet connection. (correct, 主语和谓语逻辑合理)第四章 平行结构Gmat中考得最多的知识点就是平行结构一、 平行结

26、构的指示词MakersstructuresExamplesandX and YX, y, and zApples and pearsApples, pears and banansBoth / and Both x and yBoth apples and pearsorX or y Apples and pearsEither/or Either x or yEither apples or pearsNot/ butNot x but yNot apples but pearsNot only/but alsoNot only x but also yNot only apples but

27、 also pearsRather thanX rather than y Apples rather than pearsFrom/toFrom x to yFrom apples to pears最主要的平行指示词是and, but, or,然而不要拘泥于这样的结构，any construction that expresses two or three things in the same way requires parallelism.二、 哪些东西可以平行呢？名词、形容词、动词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句The division was opening offices, hiri

28、ng staff, and investing in equipment.The railroad can either lose more money or solves its problems. They wanted to increase awareness, spark interest, and motivate purchases. I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes. There are many people who speak English but whose p

29、arents do not.Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not.三、 and 的用法listExamplesX and YApples and pearsX, y, and zApples, pears, and bananasX, y, z, and wApples, pears, bananas, and peaches在所列事务中最后一个前面必须加AND， 如果是2个从句，则两句话中间可以在AND前加逗号，也可以不加。If you join 2 clauses with and, you can put

30、 an optional comma before the and.（如果句子很长，且独立，则需要加逗号）I really like candy apples, and I eat them often. She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon and with disregard for human life and property, and that it should therefore be shut down. 四、 其他类型的平行结构指示词X acts as yDistinguish x from yX is t

31、he same as yAs x, so yEstimate x to be yX is good, and so too is yBetween x and yX instead of yX, such as yCompared to x, yX is known to be yThink of x as yConsider x yX is less than yX is thought to be yIn contract to x, yMake x yView x as yDeclare x yMistake x for yWhether x or yX develops into yN

32、ot only x, but also yThe comma is optionalX differs from yRegard x as y五、 表明的平行结构与真实的平行结构虽然在表面上看是从平行结构的指示词中看出是平行结构，但是实际上，是从句子的句义中看出是不是平行结构的，也就是说虽然句子有平行结构的指示词，但实际上也许不是平行结构，所以一定要从句义着手判断。Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night

33、. 本句的平行结构指示词是and, 平行的部分是分词skipping, leaving，这两个现代分词作applied的补充。Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly and left late every night. 这是错误的句子，因为它把skip, arrive当作和applied 同等的词，其实并不是这样，他们是补充，所以必须要用现在分词。六、 注意系動詞 To beOther linking verbsIsappearSeemAreBecomeSmellW

34、asFeelSoundWereGrowStayAmLookTasteBeenRemainturnBeRepresentbeingResembleLinking verb也是平行结构的指示词系动词平行的部分在含义上，在逻辑上都必须合理The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. Note that the verb to be does not have to be part of a linking verb phrase. The ve

35、rb to be also forms the progressive tenses and the passive voice. Do not look for parallelism in these uses of be.Problem set1. The students did poorly on the test more because they had not studied than because the material was difficult.2. The experiences we have in childhood influenced our behavio

36、r in adulthood.3. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as to the people sitting behind home plate. 4. Voters want to elect a president who genuinely cares about health care, the environment, the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experie

37、nce, wisdom, and strength of character required for the job. 5. The consultant is looking for a caf that has comfortable chairs and that provides free internet access.第五章 代词GMAT中经常考代词，代词和先行词必须都有，在数量上和逻辑上都必须合理。The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to t

38、he park.注意在名词所有格的名词不能作为代词的先行词。（非常重要）Watch out for nouns used as adj, they cannot be antecedents of pronouns. The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence as a noun. 一、 先行词和代词必须合理逻辑上合理：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refe

39、rs to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 代词与其先行词必须检查是否合理。二、 先行词与代词必须在数量上合理Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, the modern Hollywood studio is attempting various experiments in an effort to retain its status as the primary arb

40、iter of movie consumption.三、 五个比较容易错误的代词：it, its, they, them, their凡看到句子中的上述五个单词，则必须找到其先行词，看其合理性。Whenever a student calls, take down his or her informationWhenever students call, take down their information.四、 指示代词this, that, these, those这些都是形容词，放在名词前面New nano-papers incorporate fibers that give the

41、se materials strength.That,those 可以代表new copyThe money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.从中可以看出，两个MONEY是不同的，不是同一个MONEY与此相比，如果用it, they或其他个人代词，则指的是同一个事情：The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be. That or those indicating a new copy or copies must be

42、modified.Her company is outperforming that of her competitor.Gmat认为that,those 与之前的先行词在数量上一致。Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors. 不能用this, these来代替名词Her products are unusual; many consider them unique. 五、 如果代词出现混乱、歧义怎么办？理论上讲：任何句子中的代词都应该指代同一个名词，否则就会出现歧义和混乱。e.g. Researchers cl

43、aim to have developed new “nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulous fibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron. (wrong)Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers” incorporating tiny cellulous fibers, which give these materials the strength of cast iron, according to the

44、 researchers. 如果出现一种情况，即：一个句子中出现only one pronoun but more than one possible antecedent?Gmat有时会容许有“代词的歧义”现象出现。因为英语语法是容许的。If the intended antecedent of a single pronoun is clear, and if there is no other reasonable antecedent, then dont worry if there is an unreasonable antecedent somewhere else in th

45、e sentence. E.g. Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it. 上面的句子中，THEY指的是supernovas，因为在but引导的并列的两个句子里，主语都是一致的，所以尽管句子中也出现了其他复数名词，比如elements和e

46、nvironments，但是由于并列句子的关系，第二个句子的主语就是第一个句子的主语。所以：the subject is the most important noun in the sentence; thus, it makes the best antecedent.所有格形式在句子中通常都是不太好的先行词。The board is investigating several executives compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to them. 这里的them指的是packages, 但实际上应该指executives. The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES (they) may have been improperly awarded. 原则：在一个句子中，每个it, its 一定是指代同一个单数先行词，每个they, them, their 一定指代同一个复数先行词。