将来完成时 虚拟 现在完成时(23页).doc

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1、-将来完成时 虚拟 现在完成时-第 22 页将来完成时定义将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。 构成will/shall+have+完成式用于第一人称，will+have+完成式用于其他人称。 实例a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You wil

2、l have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 将来完成时的构成 将来完成时的构成是由shall/will + have +过去分词构成的。 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years n

3、ext month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？ 将来完成时的用法 表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term. 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。 表示推测，相当于must have done结构。 You will have heard of this, I gue

4、ss. 我想你已经听说过这件事了。 I am sure he will have got the information. 我相信他一定得到了这个信息 .表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间 we will have been married a year on june 25th 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。应用条件在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气， 表示主观

5、愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。 在非真实条件状语从句中的用法真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 eg： If he doesnt hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实) If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实） If I w

6、ere you, I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。 （非真实，虚拟语气） If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实，虚拟语气） 用法及动词形式1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： 从句：主语+过去时 主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do 例： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell

7、 you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力） 2

8、、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：主语+had done 主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done 例： 1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 （事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。 （事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 从句：if+主语+were to do 主

9、句：主语+should/would/could/might+do if+主语+did/were 主语+should/would/could/might+do if+主语+should+do 主语+should/would/could/might+do 例： 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，

10、我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如： If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了

11、 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。 从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 如： If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。 5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件

12、从句要用倒装语序，即将were, should, had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。 如： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在

13、副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without., but for.等 如： But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him

14、. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。 7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该能通过这次考试了。 省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、 虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法用在wish 后的宾语从句a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg

15、. I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实：原来不知道） c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了） (注：if only和as if/as though也有相同用法）

16、 用在目的状语从句中1.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 2、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could /

17、might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。 其他用法1、一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice. suggest. propose)五要求()中，无论主句谓语动词为何

18、种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如： He suggested that we (should) takethe teachers advice. He insisted that we (should) takethe teachers advice. He demand that we (should) takethe teachers advice. He ordered that we (should) takethe teachers advice. insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气；翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 如

19、：He insist he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如： His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含着他很担心。 这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等

20、。 句型：It is.that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型 或只用动词原型。 3、 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来） Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世） 4、 在whateve

21、r，whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： 指现在或将来： may +动词原形。 如： We will finish it on time no matter what may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等

22、他。 指过去： may +完成式 。 如： You mustnt be proud whatever great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。 5、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 过去 had + 过去分词 现在 过去时(be 用we

23、re ) 将来 过去时(be 用were ) 如： Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。 如 It

24、 is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 7、 简单句中的虚拟语气 （1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 动词原形。 如： Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？ You should always learn this less

25、on by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。 I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。 （2） 表示“祝愿”时，常用may + 主语+ 动词原形。 如： May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 （3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。 如： Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。 God bless us. 上帝保佑。 （4） 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 提出请求或邀请。如： Wo

26、uld you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？ Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？ 陈述自己的观点或看法。如： I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。 I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。 提出劝告或建议。如： Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 You should make a full investigation of it f

27、irst. 你应该先全面调查一番。 提出问题。如： Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？ Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？ 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词 + have + 过去分词。 如： You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。 You should have returned it to him. 你应该把它还给他了。 8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科

28、之方式状语从句词条。 四、省略的虚拟条件句型省略连词if有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首： Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。 I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要，我会去的。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。 【注】 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, shoul

29、d, had 等缩略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词： Had I time, I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time) 省略条件句的主语和其后的动词be若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略： If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier) 省略“it+be”If nece

30、ssary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。(=If it was necessary, I would) 省略整个条件从句这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的： I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally, it would be better.) 在含蓄条件句中的用法(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如： We d

31、idnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise） Without your help, we wouldnt have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。 （暗含条件是介词短语without your help） But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功

32、。（暗含条件是but for your help） It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。 （暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately） (2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如： I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you） I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help

33、 you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadnt been so busy.） You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to） I would have bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money） But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for t

34、he storm）。 现在完成时现在完成时（Present perfect）过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。补充句型基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p) e.g done 肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)+宾语. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他） 定义：（1） 强调动作是过去发生的 （2） 强调对

35、现在的影响或结果，此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是：一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是那个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。 （3） 在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。 但过去分词一定要选择准确。 过去分词AAA式的过去分词： 现在完成时注：图中不全。尚包括let-let-let, read-read-read等。 规则动词1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-wor

36、ked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 不规则动词2 、不规则动词： AAA型 原型 过去式 过去分词 burst burst burst cast cast

37、 cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut spread spread spread let let let read read read led led led AAB型 beat beat beaten ABA型 become became become run ran run come came come 特殊情况 read read read (read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/) ABB型 bring

38、brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found feed fed fed get got got hang hung hung hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost leave left left le

39、nd lent lent make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid sell sold sold shoot shot shot say said said sit sat sat stand stood stood shine shone shone sweep swept swept sleep slept slept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won ABC型 begin began begun blow bl

40、ew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken

41、sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written take took taken wear wore worn see saw seen 用法 （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，也就是说，动作发生在过去，而对现在造成的影响和结果. I have spent all of my money.(现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(现在桌子已经摆好

42、了.) Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时段 为时间 since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+时段+ago since+从句（过去时） It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here sinc

43、e 1998. 注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead Buy-have Fall ill-be ill Come back-be back Put on -be on/wear Worry-be worried Catch a cold-have a cold 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a co