初中英语语法---状语从句小结.doc

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1、初中英语语法-状语从句小结 状语从句是一种作状语用的从句，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或修饰全句，补充说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、程度、状态等。根据它表达的意思的不同，可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句等。时间状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句都是中考的重点。一、时间状语从句时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间，引导时间状语从句的连词有when, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, since等。until 用于肯定句中，表示句子的动作一直持

2、续到until短语所表示的时间为止，即表示动作的终点。一般可译为“直到时(为止)”或“在以前”。在这种用法中，句子的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词)，如live, wait, last, love, like, stay, work, continue等。until用于否定句中，表示句子的动作直到until短语所表示的时间才开始发生，即表示动作的起点。一般译为“直到才”或“直到之前(还不 )”eg. It may last until Friday. 这可能要延续到星期五。用于否定句中：eg. The secret was never told until after the old ma

3、ns death.这个秘密在老人去世后才说出来。连词until以同样的方式分析作连词的until的用法。作连词用的until的英文释义是up to the time when(直到时为止)。作连词的until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“直到为止”。在这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词)，如live, wait , last, love, like, stay, work, continue 等。eg. Heat can be conducted from a hot body to a cooler one until bo

4、th are at the same temperature.热可以从一个热的物体传到一个较冷的物体，直到两者温度相同为止。作连词的until用于否定句中 , 表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“直到才”。eg. I hadnt realized she was foreign until she spoke. 她不说话我还一直不知道她是个外国人。since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法：一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如：eg. He has studied

5、very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。eg. I havent heard any noise since I slept.Sleep为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a t

6、eacher.约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。while表示“正当 时”； (指同时)用于同时进行的两延续性动作相伴随而发生，常对同类的两动作进行对比。eg. Please write while I read. 我念的时候，请写下来。when表示“当 . 时：可表示瞬间、时间段，及主从句所述动作、事情可同时，也可有先后。例：eg. It was snowing when we got to the airport. 我们到达机场时，天正下着雪。(同时发生)。as当时，强调at the same time 不指先后，而指同时发生，尤指短动作或事件同时发生，eg. I look

7、ed; someone came here. 正当我看的时候，有个人走过来。 as不可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况。eg. As I get older, I get more optimistic. 随着年龄变大我变得更加乐观。as、when、while都可引导时间较长的同时发生的“背景”情况。eg. As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of a shop.当我顺着马路往前走的时候，我发现一家商店前停着一辆警车。注意：1. 在以as soon as, until, wh

8、en等引导的时间状语从句中，通常用一般现在时，而主句用将来时。2. since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句常用完成时，并且动词用延续性动词。二、条件状语从句条件状语从句表示主句动作发出的前提或条件、假想、推测等，条件状语从句通常由连词if, unless等引导。eg. Ill help you with your English if I am free tomorrow. 如果我明天有空，我就帮你学英语。He wont be late unless he is ill. 他不会迟到的，除非他生病了。注意：在if, unless等词引导的条件状语从句，主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的

9、谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来的含义。三、目的状语从句目的状语从句表示主句的动作发生的目的或愿望，可用so that, that, in order that等词引导。目的状语动词中常有情态动词may/might, can/could, should或will/would.eg. He visited London in order that he could see his parents.He visited London so that he could see his parents. 为了看望父母他来到了伦敦。School was closed early in order tha

10、t the children might get home ahead of the storm. 学校早放学，为的是让孩子们在暴风雨前到家。四、结果状语从句结果状语从句表示主句的动作所引起的结果，可以用sothat, suchthat等引导。eg. The burglar wore gloves, so that there were no fingerprints found. 窃贼带着手套，所以没有发现指纹。He spoke so quickly that only a few students could follow him. 他讲话太快，只有几个学生能听懂。The house is

11、 so expensive that very few people can afford it. 房子价格太贵，很少有人买得起。He was so good a runner that nobody could catch him. 他是跑步的能手，没人能赶上他。It is such a good chance that we mustnt miss it. 如此好的机会我们绝不能错过。It is such nice weather that I dont like to stay at home. 天气这么好，我不愿呆在家里。辨析：sothat和suchthatsothat和suchtha

12、t的意思均为“如此以致”，都用来引导结果状语从句。但二者用法不尽相同，现归纳如下：1. sothat结构中的so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词；suchthat中的such为形容词，后面接名词(名词前可以有形容词修饰)。eg. He became so angry that he couldnt speak.他变得很生气，以致说不出话来。It was such a fine day that we went out for a walk.那是一个很晴朗的日子，我们出去散步。2. 当that前的名词有表示数量多少的many, much, few, little等修饰时，只能用so，不能用such.e

13、g. There was so much noise outside that we couldnt hear the teacher.外面嘈杂声很大，以致我们不能听到老师的话。He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他跌了这么多的跤，以致全身青一块、紫一块的。注意：若名词前的little解释为“小(的)”意思时，则仍用such, 而不能用so.eg. They are such little sheep that they cant run fast.它们是小绵羊，以至于它们跑得不快。3. 当that前是单数可数名词且

14、该名词前面有形容词修饰时，so及such可以互换，即：soadj.a/ann.sucha/anadj.n.eg.She is so good a teacher that we all love her.She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一位好老师，我们都爱她。4. 当that前是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，则必须用such，不能用so来代替。eg. It was such fine weather that they all went swimming. 那是个好天气，他们都去游泳了。They are such nice ap

15、ples that we would like to eat them. 它们是如此好的苹果，以致我们想吃它们。五、原因状语从句原因状语从句由because, as, for, since等引导。eg. We couldnt walk very fast because the road was very slippery. 因为路滑我们走不快。As shes been ill, perhaps shell need some help. 她由于生病可能需要些帮助。Since youre not interested, I wont tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就

16、不告诉你。辨析：because, since, as和for1. because语气最强，表示直接原因，可用于回答 why 提出的问题、引导表语从句、用于强调句等，而其余三者均不行。eg. “Why didnt he come?” “Because he was ill.” “他为什么没来?”“因为他病了。”My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛，因为苹果吃得太多。Thats because you cant appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。It is because he is hon

17、est that I like him. 是因为他诚实我才喜欢他。2. since语气较弱，指双方都明确的原因或众所周知的原因，译为“既然”，侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已知的理由。eg. Since you dont like it, Ill put it away.既然你不喜欢，我就把它放在一边。Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然错了，就应该道歉。3. as “由于，鉴于”，指客观事实，常及since互换使用。eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again. 鉴于没回复，我又写了一封信。As you

18、 werent there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿，我留了个口信。4. for 是并列连词，不说明直接原因而是对某种情况加以推断，其引导的分句前常有逗号。eg. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定是生病了，因为他今天没来。He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn. 他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来，因为他从天亮都没吃过东西。六、比较状语从句常由than, asas, not as(so)as等连词引导。eg. John is taller th

19、an his brother. 约翰比他的弟弟高。Im as tall as you. 我和你一样高。He doesnt pay as much tax as we do/ as us. 他没有我们交的税款多。七、方式状语从句常由as, as if(as though)等连词引导。eg. Leave it as it is. 保持原状，别动它。Do it as I do it. 照我的样子做这件事。He treats me as if/ as though I were a child. 他把我当小孩子一样来对待。They completely ignore the fact as if/ a

20、s though it never existed. 他们完全忽略了这个事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。八、让步状语从句常由though(although)等连词引导。eg. Although it was cold, he went out without a coat. 尽管天气很冷，他没有穿大衣就出去了。Though they are poor, they have enough to eat. 他们虽然很穷，食物还是够吃的。典型例题：1. I_ the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.A. will return B. returned C. have

21、returnedD. return解析：考查状语从句的时态。在if条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，故选A。2. Dick gave me a note while I_ in the library.I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you.A. am readingB. was readingC. readsD. will read解析：主句使用了一般过去时，时间状语从句也应使用过去的某种时态，这里应使用过去进行时，表示动作正在发生。下句I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you. 也为解题提供了很好的提示

22、。故选B。3.Look! Here comes our school bus.No hurry. Dont get on it_ it has stopped.A. untilB. afterC. sinceD. when解析：考查时间状语从句。句意为“看！我们的校车来了。”“别急。等车停稳再上去吧。”选A，notuntil直到才，是固定搭配。4. I didnt know he came back_ I met him in the street.A. since B. whenC. untilD. After解析：考查时间状语从句。句意为：直到在街上见到他，我才知道他回来了。notunti

23、l是固定结构，表示“直到才”。故选C。 5. Ill do it better if the teacher_ me another chance.A. giveB. givesC. gaveD. will give解析：考查状语从句的时态。if引导的状语从句一般遵循“主将从现”的规则，故选B。6. When I went to say goodbye to Anna, she_ the piano.A. is playingB. playsC. was playingD. played解析：When引导的时间状语从句使用了一般过去时，主句也应使用过去的某种时态，这里表示动作正在发生（她正在弹

24、钢琴），用过去进行时，这能使描写的对象更加生动。故选C。7. I have been trying my best to study English_ I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics.A. untilB. becauseC. though解析：考查原因状语从句。I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics. （我想有机会成为一名北京奥运会的志愿者）及I have been trying my best to

25、 study English（我一直在竭尽全力学习英语）构成因果关系，故选B。8. How was your climbing on Mount Tai？I didnt believe I could do it_ I got to the top.A. untilB. unlessC. afterD. when解析：考查时间状语从句。notuntil“直到才”是固定句式。句意为“你爬泰山的感受是什么？”“我简直难以置信，直到登上山顶”。9.Look at the noisy kids!Havent you heard the saying“When the cat is away, the

26、mice_.”?A. playB. playedC. are playingD. will play解析：考查含有时间状语从句的主句的时态。规律是：“主将从现”，即从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选D。“When the cat is away, the mice will play.”（相当于“山中无老虎，猴子称大王。”）10. He met many problems_ he was going over his lessons.A. beforeB. as soon asC. sinceD. while解析：考查时间状语从句中连词的选用。要从意义和句子逻辑两方面考虑。及as和whe

27、n相比，叙述两个较长时间的动作，特别是提供“背景”的时间更长时，常用while，故选D。句意为“他在复习功课时碰到了许多问题。”语法专练：一、时间、地点、条件、让步状语从句练习1. People behind you will be unhappy _ you talk too long on the phone.A. asB. forC. if2. _ you dont go to see the doctor, _ youll be worse.A. If; /B. If; andC. If; or 3. Mother was busy cooking in the kitchen _ f

28、ather was watching TV in the sitting room.A. asB. when C. while4. Dont leave the office_ I come back.A. whenB. ifC. until5. I didnt go to bed_ all the TV programmes were over.A. untilB. whenC. after6. There are usually some people watching_ those retired workers play chess.A. whichB. whereC. as7. _

29、it was raining, _ we went on with our sports meeting.A. Though; /B. Though; butC. /; but8. I reached the station_ the train had just moved.A. untilB. afterC. as soon as9. The mouse had run into the hole_ the cat could catch it.A. beforeB. afterC. as soon as10. The baby stopped crying_ he saw his mot

30、her.A. untilB. as soon asC. then二、原因、比较、目的、结果状语从句练习。用所给的关联词将简单句连接成复合句。1. He didnt pass the exam. He hadnt gone over his lessons. （because）2. You can buy the dictionary. You have got enough money. （since）3. You have seen the film twice. You can give the ticket to your brother.（now that）4. It was a lo

31、ng letter. It took her more than two hours to type it.（suchthat）5. I called out to him in a loud voice. He heard me on the other side of the street.（so that）6. Lily sings well. Linda sings well, too.（asas）7. Jim looks weak. His brother Tim looks even weaker.（than）8. Mr. and Mrs. Smith work hard. The

32、y want to send their son to college.（in order that）9. Ill give you some more examples. You can learn how to use this expression.（so that）10. He ran very fast. Nobody in our class could catch up with him.（sothat）三、句型转换1. The students were reading books. The teacher came into the room.（合并为一个含有时间状语从句的复

33、合句）_2. After the mother came back, the little girl went to bed.（改为同义句）The little girl_ _ to bed_ the mother cam back.3. Jane and Kate are of the same age.（改为同义句）Jane is_ _ _ Kate.4. Study hard, and youll catch up with your classmates.（改为同义句）_ you _ study hard, you _ catch up with your classmates.5.

34、There are many rabbits in the filed in Australia. The farmers cant kill them all.（改为同义句）There are _ many rabbits in the filed in Australia_ farmers cant kill them all.6. The boy is so lazy that he does badly in all his lessons.（改为同义句）He is _ a_ boy _ he does badly in all his lessons.7. If he isnt il

35、l, he wont be late.（改为同义句）He wont be late_ he is ill.8. He visited London to see his parents.（改为复合句）He visited London _ _ _ he could see his parents.9. I will try it; I may fail.（改写为让步状语从句）I will try it, _ _ I may fail.10. Without your help, I cant finish the work on time.（改为同义句）_ you _ help me, I c

36、ant finish the work on time.四、完形填空Have you ever heard of the satellite called Early Bird which was built by an organization consisting of 16 countries? Now dozens of satellites 1_ into space, and they help people in many ways.You can speak to people on 2_ side of the world over the telephone 3_ the

37、help of satellites. They can help take photos of Earth and produce maps. Some pictures 4_ by satellites show us the exact places where different metals can be found. They can also 5_ the differences between healthy plants and poor ones. This is a great help to the scientists 6_ work in forests. Sate

38、llites benefit our daily life. For example, satellites for 7_ are used to send radio and TV programs from one part of the world to another. It is satellites that make our world seem 8_.A number of research stations have been set up to study outer space. In the past, it was difficult 9_ the scientist

39、s to get a clear picture of the dusty air, while satellites make it easier now. They are being used more and more to collect information about space, just like 10_ between space and us.1. A. has putB. have putC. has been putD. have been put2. A. otherB. bothC. neitherD. the other3. A. with B. inC. b

40、yD. at4. A. take B. takes C. taking D. taken5. A. sayB. speakC. tell D. read6 A. which B. whoC. whereD. what7. A. weatherB. armyC. industryD. broadcasting8. A. cleanerB. smaller C. largerD. farther9. A. forB. of C. withD. by10. A. lines B. lightsC. bridges D. ropes五、阅读理解They British Museum is the bi

41、ggest museum in the world. Inside you feel smaller than usual.The story of the British Museum goes back three hundred years to one unusual man. Sir Hans Sloane, a doctor to King George .The doctor collected books, drawings, clothes, money, animals, flowers, things from all over the world. The doctor

42、 wanted everything to stay together when he died, so that people could come and have a look. The British Museum began. King George gave his library, and the museum started to grow.The British Museum opened in 1759, six years after Sir Hans Sloane died. At first the museum was only open three days a

43、week and only ten people could enter in an hour. There wasnt much time to see things. Visitors had to run through the rooms.By about 1800, things began to get better. Wonderful statues（雕像）, three thousand years old, arrived from Egypt.George IV sold all his books to the museum secretly. A hundred ye

44、ars ago, not only old books but also new ones arrived at the museum, and more people came to read them. Since then many famous men have written and studied there. And the library is growing faster and faster. There are four kilometers of new shelves every year and there are about two million visitors every year.1. S