主谓一致——就近原则(10页).doc

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1、-主谓一致就近原则-第 10 页主谓一致就近原则.就近原则短语 代表词汇：there be 句型 Neithernor Eitheror NotbutWhetheror Not onlybut also 【就远原则短语：谓语动词与前面主语一致代表词汇：as well as；together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from例如：He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom.主谓一致

2、现象。有一类连接词，其后的谓语动词要与连接词前一部分的主语保持一致。此类连接词有with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except (but), including等。例如：Tracy, like many girls, loves dancing. 特蕾西像很多女孩一样，喜欢跳舞。All the students, including Tom, are leaving. 所有的学生，包括汤姆都走了。No one except (but) me knows about this news. 除了

3、我没有人知道这个消息。就近原则现象。还有另一类连接词，句中的谓语动词要与靠近的主语保持一致。此类连接词有or, either. or, neither.nor, not only. but also等。例如：Neither you nor I am wrong. 你和我都没错。Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday. 不仅是学生，就连老师也期盼一个假期。1.There be 句型 There is a book and some pencils on the desk. =There are some pe

4、ncils and a book on the desk. 2.neither.nor. Neither you nor he is right. = Neither he nor you are right. 3.either.or. Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday. = Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday. 4.not only.but also. Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home

5、every Sunday. = Not only Anns parents but also she stays at home every Sunday. 百度词条：就近原则 也称“邻近原则”“就近一致原则”(Proximity），即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。 I.在正式文体中： 1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：or ; either or；nor; neitheror；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me

6、. 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。 Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。 Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了，他也错了。 2. 在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。 There is (are) a pen

7、 and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。 II. 非正式文体中： 有时依“就近一致原则”，但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。（非正式） Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（译文同上句）（正式） 但是，如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时，则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree(s) with him .仅他自己的

8、支持者同意他的意见。（依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则；但语法上，“No one ”才是主语，谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。主谓一致分为两大类：就近一致原则和意义一致原则。 就近一致原则指的是，以靠近谓语动词的，作主语的名词作为人称和数的参考标准。 意义一致原则指的是，必须分析主语属于单数或是复数，可数或是不可数，然后才能决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。 就近一致原则（1） 连词not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Not only the students but also the teac

9、her is enjoying the film. 不仅学生而且老师都在津津乐道地看着电影。 Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it. 同学们和老师对此都一无所知。 Neither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他们，谁都不是完全对的。 Either he or I am right. 或者他对，或者我对。 就近一致原则（2） 副词here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽车来了。 Here is a pencil-box for you. 这儿有

10、一个铅笔盒要给你。 Here are my replies to your questions. 这些是我针对你的问题的回答。 There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates. 盘子里有一个苹果，两条香蕉和一些桔子。 主谓一致：and and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。 John and Mary are my friends. 约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。 and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。 Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国有种水稻也有种小麦。 and的两边的单词构成

11、一个统一的概念。 Fish and chips is a popular supper here. 炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。（鱼和土豆片作为整体） The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了。（同一个人既是诗人又是作家）主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词须用单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数。1主谓一致的三个原则。 英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾，但当发生冲突时，意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。 (1)语法一致原则： 主语和谓

12、语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也应采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也应采取复数形式。 She is a girl她是女孩。 They are all girls她们都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. 这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。 （教授与作家是同一个人，是单数.） The old are very well taken care of in our city老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指

13、一类人，为复数概念。） (2)就近原则： 谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。 There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。 Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。 (3)意义一致原则： 主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语形式上是复

14、数，但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式。 The police are still running after the murderer. 警察还在追杀人犯。 The news was very exciting. 这则新闻令人激动。 My family were watching TV at 7 oclock. 7点钟的时候，我们全家人在看电视。My family has moved three times我们家搬过三次。2主谓一致的应用。 (1)单一主语的情况。 单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语，其主语与谓语的一致情况如下：不定代词作主语 a不定代词either, n

15、either, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数、 b. none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的钱都用光了，一点没留。 c. neither/eithe

16、r of复数名词或复数形式的代词，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Neither of these words is correct. 这些单词没有一个是正确的。 d. the other two（），the other three（）another two( . ) , both等作主语时谓语动词用复数、 Five people came to help，but another three were still needed. 已经有五个人来帮忙了，但我们还需要三个 e. all指人时作主语，谓语动词用复数；指全部事情时，谓语动词常用单数 All the work was finished.

17、 所有的活都干完了 All is going well一切都很正常. f在each . and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中，谓语动词用单数、 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很长时间没有听到一点声音 Every

18、 boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星 g. such山作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much这就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。 Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。集合名词作主语 a有些集体名词，如people, cattle, police等形式上是单

19、数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。 People are talking about the accident happened yesterday. 人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。 b集合名词，如audience（观众），army, class, crew船员），company（公司），crowd（人群），enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公众)，population(人口),team(队员)等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时，谓语就该用复数。 The population in C

20、hina is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas. 中国人口很多，其中80的人住在农村。 c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数如the English, the Chinese，the French等The English are a polite people英国是一个礼仪之邦。以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语 a以一ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时，谓语用单数. Politics is taught in our school. 我

21、们学校开设政治课。 b专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语，形式上即使是复数，谓语动词也要用单数，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。 Lu Xuns works sells well. 鲁迅的著作很畅销。 c有些名词如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（残渣，剩余），clothes, trousers, belongings（财产），savings, scissor，等作主语，其谓语动词只能用复数形式 The family were saved but the belon

22、gings were lost. 这一家人获救，但损失了所有财产。 d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语，谓语动词根据其单复数而定 Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective. 每一种方法都试过，但没有一个是有效的。含有修饰语的名词作主语 a一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语，前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a seri

23、es of等这类单位词，通常作复数用，谓语动词作复数。若带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。 My shoes are under the bed我的鞋在床下。 His black trousers are too long他的那条黑裤子太长了。 Your glasses are on your nose你的眼镜在鼻子上。 但若这类名词与a pair连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。 This pair of shoes is made in Beijing这双鞋子是北京制造的。 There is a pair of glasses on your bed你的床上有副眼镜。 b.

24、 a number of意为“许多”，修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数：the number of意为“的数目”，作主语时，谓语只能用单数A number of the other plants were found in America.在美洲还发现了许多别的植物。The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。 c只修饰可数名词的量词several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of.）作主语，谓语动词应

25、用复数形式；其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。 d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of）等词既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多学生要来参加这次会议。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 为了准备会议，还有很多工作要

26、做。 注意a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of）作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。 Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 学校安装设备需要很多钱。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 为孩子们买了大量的故事书： e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of）等修饰不可

27、数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词只能用单数形式A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了，但本应好好利用的 f. more than one十单数名词”尽管意义上是复数，但因中心词是单数形式，谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more复数名词than one”结构之后，谓语常用复数 More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在这次事故中受伤 More members than one

28、 are against the proposal. 反对这项提议的会员不止一个 g. one or two +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数 One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午有一两个学生在植树 h表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与pass, go by，waste, use, spend等词连用时，谓语动词用复数 Five years have passed since I joined the Party我入党五年了 i. one or two 后接复数名词，谓语要用复数但在“a/a

29、n十单数名词or two”结构之后，谓语却常用单数 One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work. 干这活一两天就够了 j. the rest（of），the remaining，part（of.），one half( of）等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语，谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定 Part of his story was not true他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the foreign teachers in our school

30、are from Canada.我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大. k当“几分之几（百分之几）+ of名词”结构作主语时，一般也应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数one and a half +复数可数名词”作主语，谓语一般用单数.This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans这是因为地球表面积的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的 Two thirds of these tasks have been completed. 这些任务已经完成了三分之。 One and a half days

31、 is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的时间 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情况下，one in ten作主语和其修饰的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式）(2）非谓语形式、从句作主语 单独的不定式、动词的一ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式：如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数 Persuading him to join us seems real

32、ly hard. 劝他加入我们似乎很难。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情，但是它们永远相伴 。 that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据概念上一致的原则决定

33、谓语动词的数 That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶 Who is Abraham Lincoln？林肯是谁？ Who are talking with each other？谁在相互讨论？(3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致 and及both. and. a. 一般来说，两个单数主语用and连接起来，表示两个不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数；但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念，谓语动词必须用单数 A smile and handshake show welcome微笑和握手表示欢

34、迎 The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、 b并列主语由or, either. . or. . . , neither. nor. . . , not onlybut also连接时，谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致 Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老师，或者是学生要受到责备 Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it不仅仅是学生，还有他们的老师都对此

35、一无所知 Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不适合干这个工作 Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不适合干这个工作吗？(4)假性主语的主谓一致 with,together with（连同），along with（和一起），as wellas（也），like（诸如），such as（诸如），as much as, no less than（和一样），rather than（而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition以除之外）等短语后的主语称

36、为假性主语，谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定，不跟假性主语一致。 The boy with his dog is here. 这个男孩在这儿，还有他的狗 No one but your parents was there then. 那时，除了你的父母没有别人在那里 Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon. 汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳 The teacher，including his students，is going to see Professor Smith. 那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯

37、教授、(5)由there , here引导的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、 There is a lake and some hills around it. 它被一个湖和几座刁、山环绕着、(6)定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定，先行词是单数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数Those（people）who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名 I will always treasure the moments tha

38、t were full of pleasures. 我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光： The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true. 今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。(7）在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。(8)运算数词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15 Five minus four is one. 5减4等于1。Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g(9）表示数量的“one and a half复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。 One and a half hours is enough一个半小时足够了。