雅思长难句.doc

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1、1、 For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutesabout the duration of a normal classroom period.2、 In the face of the frequent and often vivid

2、media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforestswhat and where they are ,why they are important, what endangers themindependent of any formal tuition.3、 These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized ,conceptu

3、al framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.4、 The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misc

4、onceptions and to plan programs in environmental studies in their schools.5、 These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservations of rainforests , in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which se

5、em to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.6、 While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced the misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere inc

6、ompatible with human life on earth.7、 Pupils responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rainforests ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.8、

7、In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests.9、 Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of th

8、e destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about childrens ideas in this area.10、 Perhaps encouragingly ,more than half the pupils (59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalizing the responsibility by the use of terms such as

9、 “we are”.11、 One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was that acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction; a similar proportion said that pollution is destroying rainforests.12、 One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest

10、 that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. 13、 some of senses that we other terrestrial mammals take granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water.14、 Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have so

11、me related brain structure but it is not known whether these are functional.15、 It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed.16、 The area around the blowhole is also particula

12、rly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.17、 Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and cal

13、ves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact.18、 Baleen species studied at close quarters underwaterspecifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii-have obviously tracked ob

14、jects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.19、 However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.20、 Eye position in freshwater dolphins ,which often swim on t

15、heir side or upside down while feeding ,suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward.21、 And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainers hand provides a

16、necdotal evidence to the contrary.22、 Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed.23、 For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains.2

17、4、 Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans well-developed acoustic sense.25、 From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the u

18、se of outlines and perspective to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces In space.26、 This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning.27、 To search out these answers，I cre

19、ated raised-line drawings of five different wheels ,depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel.28、At the moment ,we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world, says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the U

20、niversity of Reading。29、Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity .30、But Salikoli Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest

21、weapon is not government policy but economic globalization.31、But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead.32、the patterns and connections we make among v

22、arious concepts may b structured by the linguistic habits of our community.33、the key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language, says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut.34、Volunteer

23、 apprentices pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.35、 The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: t

24、hat it can regulate the flow of “Qi” or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.36、Weve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to a

25、llow my pretenders to their position to come into it .37、 Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb during the past 20 years.38、 A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general ,and incre

26、asingly skeptical about science and empirically based knowledge.39、 Rather than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture

27、and herbalism.40、 An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia ,all pointing to orthodox doctors inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternativ

28、e therapists.41、 According to the Australia Journal of Public Health,18% of patients visited alternative therapist do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints;12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1%mor than those suffering from emotional problems.42、 Alternative medicine

29、appears to be an adjust ,sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems no to offer the answer.43、 But Buyers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops ,so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by a

30、dulthood.44、 if the function of play was to get into shape, says Byers, the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesnt work like that.45、 Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains a

31、re more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood.46、 If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a sensitive period- a br

32、ief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.47、Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this window of opportunity reaches its peak.48、Bekoff likens it to a behaviora

33、l kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. They use behavior from a lot of different contextspredation, aggression, reproduction, he says.49、he points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialized signals

34、and rules.50、We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers.51、 Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labor-intensive tasks which require l

35、ong hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars.52、 All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money.53、 There is a need to recognize the importance of access to credit for im

36、poverished young people to fulfill economic needs.54、 although small-scale business training and credit program have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people.55、 Typically, children do not end up on th

37、e streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence.56、 Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of

38、 paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.57、 Participants in this enterprise were supported with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from the

39、ir wages.58、 However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive business.59、 but the classic eruption cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lavais only a t

40、iny part of a global story.60、 Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth.61、 Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the worlds first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for th

41、e oceans, river and ice-caps.62、 More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3500 million years, the water in the oceans.63、 In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometers of lava, some of it 2400 meters thick, form

42、ed over 500000 years of slurping eruption.64、 The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimeters a year.65、 A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometers off a mountain, scatter fine ash pra

43、ctically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.66、If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the while material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the cracklike an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the

44、 Hawaiian Islands.67、The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the eggshell of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimeters a year.68、Every eruption is different, b

45、ut put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1350c , will start to expand and rise.69、Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magmamolten rock from the mantle-inch towards the surface, cooling slowly , to show through as granite extrusions.70、Look at maps of

46、volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates- the plates which make up the earths crust and mantle.71、During quiet periods ,volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from t

47、he molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible.72、Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kin

48、d of information about the language.73、Age , sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used.74、 Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterance

49、s that describe certain actions, objects or behaviors.75、 A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus.76、 The convenience of this approach makes it widely used , and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics.77、 They range from a carefully planned, intensive fi