新目标八年级英语上册知识点总结新目标.docx

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1、新目标八年级英语上册语法复习1) leave的用法1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如:When did you leave Shanghai你什么时候离开上海的?2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如:Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如:Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing你为什么要离开上海去北京?2) 情态动词should“应当”学会运用should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊

2、异、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如:How should I know 我怎么知道?Why should you be so late today 你今日为什么来得这么晚?should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如:We should help each other.我们应当相互扶植。我们在运用时要留意以下几点:1. 用于表示“应当”或“不应当”的概念。此时常指长辈教化或责怪晚辈。例如:You should be here with clean hands. 你应当把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如:You should go to the doctor ifyou fe

3、el ill. 假如你感觉不舒适,你最好去看医生。3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如:We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What.与Which.1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如: What is your father你父亲是干什么的? 该句相当于: What does your father do What is your fathers jobWh

4、ich 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如: -Which is Peter哪个是皮特? -The boy behind Mary.玛丽背后的那个男孩。2. What. 是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而 Which. 是特指,所指的事物有范围的限制。如: What color do you like best(全部颜色)你最宠爱什么颜色? Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow 你最宠爱哪一种颜色?(有特定的范围)3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如: Which pictures are fr

5、om China 哪些图片来自中国?4) 频度副词的位置1.常见的频度副词有以下这些:72 / 72always(总是,始终)usually(通常)often(常常,常常)sometimes(有时候)never(从不)2.频度副词的位置:a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如:David is often arrives late for school.大卫上学常常迟到。b.放在行为动词前。如:We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天常常在7:10去上学。c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。如:Sometimes I walk

6、 home, sometime I ride a bike.有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。3.never放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。如:Never have I been there.我从没到过那儿。5) everyday与everyday1. every day作状语,译为“每一天”。如:We go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天7:10去上学。I decide to read English every day.我确定每天读英语。2. everyday 作定语,译为“日常的”。She watches everyday English on TV a

7、fter dinner.她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。Whats your everyday activity你的日常活动是什么?6) 什么是助动词1.帮助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被帮助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独运用,例如:He doesnt like English.他不宠爱英语。(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)2.助动词帮助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示

8、语态,例如:He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life你宠爱大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here你来这儿之前学过英语吗?d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不宠爱他。e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上确定来参与晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3.最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shal

9、l, will, should, would7) forgetdoing/todo与rememberdoing/todo1.forget to do遗忘要去做某事(未做);forget doing遗忘做过某事(已做)The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着,它遗忘关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他遗忘他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

10、典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh,I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己遗忘了这一事实。此处不符合题意。2.remember to do记得去做某事(未做);remember doing记得做过某事(已做)Remembe

11、r to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before 你不记得以前见过那个人吗8) Itsforsb.和Itsofsb.1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如:easy, hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等: Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或看法的形

12、容词,如:good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来扶植我,你真是太好了。3.for 与of 的辨别方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。假如道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如: You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)9) 对两个句子的提问新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势,现在实行的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如:句子:The boy in blue ha

13、s three pens.提问:1. Who has three pens2. Which boy has three pens3. What does the boy in blue have4. How many pens does the boy in blue have很明显,学生多了更多的回答角度,也体现了考试的敏捷性。再如:句子:He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提问:1. Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Su

14、nday2. Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday3. What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday4. With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday5. What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday6. When does he usually go to the park wit

15、h his friends10) so、such与不定冠词的运用1.so与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如:He is so funny a boy.Jim has so big a house.2.such与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如:It is such a nice day.That was such an interesting story.11) 运用-ing分词的几种状况1.在进行时态中。如:He is watching TV in the room.They were dancing at nine ocl

16、ock last night.2.在there be结构中。如:There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在have fun/problems结构中。如:We have fun learning English this term.They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介词后面。如:Thanks for helping me.Are you good at playing basketball?5.在以下结构中: enjoy doing sth乐于做某事finish doing sth

17、 完成做某事feel like doing sth 想要做某事stop doing sth停止做某事forget doing sth遗忘做过某事go on doing sth 接着做某事remember doing sth记得做过某事like doing sth宠爱做某事keep sb doing sth使某人始终做某事find sb doing sth发觉某人做某事see/hear/watch sb doing sth看到/听到/观看某人做某事try doing sth试图做某事need doing sth须要做某事prefer doing sth宁愿做某事mind doing sth介意做

18、某事miss doing sth错过做某事practice doing sth练习做某be busy doing sth忙于做某事cant help doing sth禁不住做某事12) 英语中的“单数”1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he,she,it”代替的。如:he,she, it,my friend,his teacher,our classroom,Tom,Marys uncle2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:man(单数)-men(复数) banana(单数)-bananas(复数)3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如:go-goes-goin

19、g-went-gonework-works-working-worked-workedwatch-watches-watching-watched-watched当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必需用相应的第三人称单数形式。如: The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US. Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。I 名词复数的规则变化1.一般在名词词

20、尾加-s。如:pear-pears hamburger-hamburgersdesk-deskstree-trees2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词,词尾加-es。如:class-classesdish-disheswatch-watchesbox-boxes3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词,词尾加-es。如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesNegro-Negroeshero-heroes4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,将-y变为-i,再加-es。如:family-familiesdictionary-dictionariescity-citiesc

21、ountry-countries5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词,将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es。如:half-halvesleaf-leavesthief-thievesknife-knivesself-selveswife-wiveslife-lives wolf-wolvesshelf-shelvesloaf-loaves但是:scarf-scarves(fes) roof-roofsserf-serfs gulf-gulfschief-chiefs proof-proofsbelief-beliefsII 名词复数的不规则变化1.将-oo改为-ee。如:foot-feettooth

22、-teeth2.将-man改为-men。如:man-menwoman-womenpoliceman-policemenpostman-postmen3.添加词尾。如:child-children4.单复数同形。如:sheep-sheepdeer-deerfish-fishpeople-people5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”。如:Chinese-ChineseJapanese-Japanese Swiss-SwissEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenAmerican-Americans Austral

23、ian-AustraliansCanadian-Canadians Korean-KoreansRussian-Russians Indian-Indians6.其它。如:mouse-miceapple tree-apple treesman teacher-men teachers 14) 双写最终一个字母的-ing分词初中阶段常见的有以下这些:1.letletting让hithitting打、撞cutcutting切、割getgetting取、得到sitsitting坐forgetforgetting遗忘putputting放setsetting设置babysitbabysitting临时

24、受雇照看婴儿2.shopshopping购物triptripping绊stopstopping停止dropdropping放弃3.traveltravel(l)ing旅游swimswimming游泳runrunning跑步digdigging挖、掘beginbeginning开始preferpreferring 宁愿planplanning 安排15) 确定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词1.some变为any。如:There are some birds in the tree.There arent any birds in the tree.但是,若在表示请邀请、恳求的句子中,some可

25、以不变。如:Would you like some orange juice与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。2.and变为or。如:I have a knife and a ruler.I dont have a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如:They have a lot of friends.(可数名词)They dont have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.(不可数名词)There isnt

26、 much orange in the bottle.4.already变为yet。如:I have been there already.I havent been there yet.16) in与afterin 与 after 都可以表示时间,但二者有所区分。1.in 常常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间。如:He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。2.after 常常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间。如:He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他动身去了北京。不过,

27、假如after后跟的是详细的时刻,它也可用于将来时。如:We will finish the work after ten oclock.十点后我们会完成工作的。3.留意区分以下的in的用法。Ill visit him in a week.一周后我会去探望他。Ill visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去探望他两次。17) 不定冠词a与an的运用1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:There is a b in the word book.单词book中有个字母b。类似的字母还有:c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。She

28、has a small knife.她有一把小刀。2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:There is an i in the word onion.单词onion中有个字母i。类似的字母还有:a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。Do you have an umbrella你有一把雨伞吗?3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不确定都用an;以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不确定都用a.如:a useful booka universea one-letter wordan houran unclean umbrellaan honest person18) 如何表达英语中

29、的“穿、戴”?英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些:1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如: He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。 Youd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如: The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。 The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。3、dress 可作及物动词,有“给.穿衣”的意思,后接“人”,而不是“衣服”。如: Please dress th

30、e children right now.请马上给孩子们穿上衣服。 dress 也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯。如: The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如: John is in white today.约翰今日穿白色的衣服。 The man in black is a football coach.19) alittle,afew与abit(of)a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区分:1. a little意为“一些、少量”,后接不可数名词。

31、如: There is a little water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点水。 还可以接形容词。如: He is a little shy.他有些羞涩。 2. a few 意为“一些、少数”,后接复数的可数名词。如: There are a few people in the room.房间里有一些人。 3. a bit 意为“一点儿”,后接形容词。如: Its a bit cold.有点冷。 a bit of 后接不可数名词。如: He has a bit of money.他有一点儿钱。 4. a little和a few表确定意义,little和few表否定意义;如:

32、 There is a little soda in the glass.杯子里有一点儿汽水。 There is little soda in the glass.杯子里几乎没有汽水了。 I have a few Chinese friends.我有一些中国挚友。 Few people like him.几乎没有人宠爱他。 5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词; a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词,意为“有点儿”。20) 关于like的用法like 可以作动词,也可以作介词。1、like 作动词,表示一般性

33、的“爱好、宠爱”,有泛指的含义。如: Do you like the color 你宠爱这种颜色吗? like 后可接不定式(like to do sth),也可接动词的-ing分词(like doing sth),有时意思不尽相同。如: She likes eating apples.她宠爱吃苹果。(习惯) She likes to eat an apple.她宠爱吃一粒苹果。(平常不宠爱吃) like 与 would 连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的恳求。如: Would you like a cup of tea 您情愿喝杯茶吗? “宠爱某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to d

34、o sth/doing sth”。如: They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都宠爱我唱英文歌。2、like 作介词,可译成“像.”。如: She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好,就像母亲一样。 It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。 3、区分以下句子: A. What does he look like 他长相如何?(指一个人的外貌特征) B. What is he like 他人怎么样? (指人的性格特点) C. The boy like Peter is

35、over there. (句指外貌相像) D. A boy like Peter cant do it. (指性格相像)21) stoptodosth与stopdoingsth1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如: The students stop to listen to their teacher. 学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。 2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。如: The students stopped talking.学生们停止了谈话。 与它们相反的句式是:go on to do sth “接着做某事(与刚才一事不同)”和 go

36、on doing sth “接着做某事(与刚才同一件事)”。如: He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作业,接着接着去念英语。 They went on playing games.他们接着玩嬉戏。22) tell,speak,say与talk1. tell 意为“告知、讲解并描述”,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如: He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.他告知我说他想成为一位老师。 Father always tells interesting

37、 stories to us. 爸爸总是给我们讲好玩的故事。 tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如: He told me something about his past. 他告知我一些他的往事。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告知某人去做某事”。如: David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。 2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言。如: He can speak English and a little Chinese. 他能讲英语和一点汉语。 speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”。如:

38、 Can I speak to Mr Zhang 我能和张先生讲话吗? speak of 意为“提到、说起”。如: The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。 3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”,假如只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to;假如双方或多方交谈,多用 with。如: Please talk to him right now.请马上同他谈话。 He is talking with his friend.他在和挚友交谈。 talk about 意为“谈论.”。如: They are talking about the movie.他们

39、在谈论那部电影。 have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”。如: Can I have a talk with you我可以和你交谈吗? 4. say 意为“说”。如: Can you say it in English once more你能用英语再说一遍吗? say to 意为“对.说”。如: He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。 It is said that. 意为“据说”。如: It is said that he could stay under the water fo

40、r a long time. 据说他能呆在水里很长时间。23) Excuseme!与Imsorry!1. Excuse me! 意为“打扰了!对不起!”,一般是为了与生疏人搭话,或者要打断对方所说(做)的事。如: Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood 请问,旁边有旅馆吗? Excuse me, could I say something 打扰一下,我能说一些吗? 2. Im sorry! 意为“对不起!”,表示致歉。如: Im sorry, Mr Zhang. I wont do it again. 对不起,张先生。我不会这么做了。24) 表示时间的in、on与atin, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词(组)连用。 1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如: in the morning在上午 in May, 2004在2004年五月 in a week在一周之内(后) Its Sunday, I c

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