生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释.doc

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1、绝对不应期absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.动作电位action potentialAn action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential

2、to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).主动转运active transportThe movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of meta

3、bolic energy后负荷afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身调节autoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is ca

4、lled auto-regulation.完全强直收缩complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化depolarizationT

5、he change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位equilibrium po

6、tentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (

7、excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋excitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞exocytosisA stimulus to secrete

8、 causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their co

9、ncentration gradients.以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channelChannels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反馈feedbackFeedback is a

10、flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.稳态HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special refere

11、nce to the internal medium.体内in vivoExperiments performed on the whole body.内环境internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.等长收缩isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does no

12、t change when a muscle contracts.等张收缩isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头neuromuscular ju

13、nctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反馈positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷preloadPreload is the load that is given

14、 to the muscle prior to its contraction.相对不应期relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化repolarizationShortly after depolarization,

15、 the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.静息电位resting potentialThe difference in electrical potenti

16、al across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.单纯扩散simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement thro

17、ugh the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na out of cells and K into cells. S

18、odium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集agglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping

19、 is known as agglutination.血液凝固blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substanc

20、es on the membrane of red blood cells.血压blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.交叉配血cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is ca

21、lled cross-matching test.红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma aft

22、er one hour.红细胞生成素erythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.纤维蛋白溶解fibrinolysisIn many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalini

23、zed or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to init

24、iate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide l

25、umen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心动周期cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac c

26、ycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指数cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力储备card

27、iac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.心血管中枢cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to

28、 the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压diastolic pressureDiasto

29、lic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the E

30、RP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分数ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).心电图electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differen

31、ces can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交换血管exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the ti

32、ssue cells take place.心音heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异常自身调节he

33、terometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.平均动脉压mean arterial pressureThe mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.微循环microcirculationMicrocirculation is the circ

34、ulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.起搏点pacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoat

35、rial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.期前收缩premature systoleWhen a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomen

36、on is called premature systole.脉压pulse pressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.每搏输出量stroke volumeStroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.每搏功stroke workThe stroke work of the heart is the am

37、ount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收缩压systolic pressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pr

38、essure of the healthy young adult is 100120mmHg.肺泡通气量alveolar ventilationThe amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.解剖无效腔anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmona

39、ry vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.波尔效应Bohr effectThe increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemogl

40、obin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ mor

41、e actively than does oxyhemoglobin.顺应性complianceDistensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (V/P), the reciprocal of the compliance.弹性阻力elastic resis

42、tanceA term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (V/P),the reciprocal of the compliance.机能余气量functional residual capacityIt equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs

43、 at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).何尔登效应Haldane effectThe increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.补吸气量inspiratoy reserve volumeThe air inspired with

44、 a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸内压intrapleural pressureThe pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.肺内压intrapulmonary pr

45、essureThe pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.氧含量oxygen contentThe oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.氧离曲线oxygen dissociation curveThe graph

46、 of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape表面活性物质pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfacta

47、nt-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.肺通气pulmonary ventilationThe total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volum

48、e generally amounts to 6L/min.余气量residual volumeThe air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.潮气量tidal volumeThe amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.肺总容量total lung capacityThe maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effo