Jeremy-Bentham-and-utilitarianism-边沁和功利主义.ppt

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1、Brief Introducton of Jeremy BenthamBorn in London, EnglandA child prodigy: read as a young toddler and studied Latin at the age of threeStudied law at Queens College, Oxford and completed his Bachelors degree and Masters degree. a British philosopher, jurist(法学家), social reformer( 改革家) and the found

2、er of modern utilitarianism (功利主义) a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism.konwn for his advocacy of utilitarianism and animal rights and the idea of the panopticon（圆形监狱）.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)His Argumen

3、ts He advocated: individual and economic freedom the separation of church and state(国教分离) freedom of expression equal rights for women the right to divorce the decriminalising(合法化)of homosexual acts the abolition of slavery, the abolition of the death penalty the abolition of physical punishment, in

4、cluding children.His Work 1. Utilitarianism This philosophy of utilitarianism took for its fundamental axiom, it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.2. EconomicsBentham stated that pleasures and pains can be ranked according to their value or dimen

5、sion such as intensity, duration, certainty of a pleasure or a pain.3. Animal rightsBentham is widely regarded as one of the earliest proponents of animal rights, and has even been hailed as the first patron saint of animal rights.Utilitarianism(功利主义)Definitions:Utilitarianism is defined as the grea

6、test good of the greatest number .The greatest happiness principle, or the principle of utility, forms the cornerstone of all Benthams thought. By happiness, he understood a predominance of pleasure over pain.We decide how to act, and then justify our actions, by evaluating which alternatives are li

7、kely result in the greatest good.Measurement of UtilityPleasureHappinessIdealsPreferencesTypes of UtilitarianismAct Utilitarianism (情境功利主义)An act is right, if and only if, it results in as much good as any available alternative.Rule Utilitarianism（规则功利主义）An act is right, if and only if, it is requir

8、ed by a rule that is itself a member of a set of rules whose acceptance would lead to greater utility for society than any available alternative.ExamplesA:You are a surgeon and you have 5 patients.1 of the patient has only a minor concussion(脑震荡), however the 4 others will die unless they get an org

9、an transplant（器官移植）.the 1 healthy patient is a perfect match and can save the lives of the 4 (each one needs a different organ)do you sacrifice the 1 for the good of the 4?an Act Utilitarianism would weigh the cost vs the benefit and sacrifice the 1 healthy patient = greater goodB: -killing is murder, and murder is wrong (this can be a rule) -rules of Engagement: do not fire unless fired upon ( this can be a rule) -what is a man has a gun pointed at your wife or husband ? The right thing to do would be to kill the killer