Research-proposal-development.ppt

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1、Common problems observed in the proposalslToo ambitious and not realistic lDescriptions of methodology being too simple and not being sensiblelAvailability and accessing of data is not clearlLack of justifications for the budget (lack of linkage of activities planned and the budget proposed)Structur

2、e of a research proposallStatement of problemslLiterature reviewlResearch objectiveslMethodologylWorkplan/including administration/use of resultslBudgetStatement/identifications of problemslAnalysing the problemsl- clarify the viewpoints of managers, health workers, and researchers in relation to th

3、e problemsl- further specify and describe the core problemsl- analysing the problems (factors associated with the problems, etc.)lDeciding on the focus and scope of the researchlFormulating the problem statementCommon problems in this sectionlMost proposals have done a good job. lHowever, some propo

4、sals have made this part too general or broad Review of available literature and informationlWhy is it important to review already available information when preparing a research proposal (avoiding duplication, help you define problems precisely, help you become more familiar with the research appro

5、aches, etc.lWhat are the possible sources of information? (published and unpublished papers, project documents, individual, groups and organisations working on similar areas, etc.)lWhere can we find these different sources (international level, national level, and regional/provincial level)? Common

6、problems in this sectionlFailed to review adequate published and unpublished literature.lFailed to look at what other countries have done (lessons and experiences)lFailed to link the literature review with your study objectivesFormulation of research objectiveslWhat do we want to carry out the resea

7、rch? What do we hope to achieve?lGeneral objective: state what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general terms.lSpecific objectives should be systematically address the various aspects of the problem as defined under “Statement of the problems” and the key factors that are assumed to inf

8、luence or cause the problem.lThey should specify WHAT you will do in your study, WHERE and for WHAT purpose.Formulation of research objectiveslPresent the objectives in a coherent waylClearly phrased in operational termslRealisticlUse of action verbsCommon problems in this sectionlAim and objectives

9、 are not well developed or not measurablelToo ambitious and not realisticlToo general, lack of specific focusesResearch questions?lIn the line of each research objective, specific research questions should be developed and are to be addressed by the research projects.lCommon problems: not really pro

10、pose specific questions in the section; put questions which are not closely linked to the project objectivesWhat shall we do next after defining research objectives and questions?lReview specific research objectives and/or research questions carefully to judge if the objectives and/or questions have

11、 a nature of exploration, testing hypothesis/theory, or evaluation of policy/intervention impact. These natures may imply the use of different research methods for data collection. Quantitative, qualitative or both? lSometimes the logic of a study, including the way research questions/objectives (or

12、 hypotheses) are framed, can clearly indicate whether a quantitative or qualitative approach and methods should be used, and that logic flows through naturally into the design, sampling, data collection and data analysis. However, sometimes we may have difficulties deciding appropriate methods for d

13、ata collection. Both quantitative and qualitative methods seem to be applicable according to the research objectives/questions.When we use quantitative methods?lTo conceptualise a problem and question in terms of an experimental comparison based on some intervention or treatment, with clear outcome

14、variables in mind. lTo examine or describe trends in the use of (medical) services/techniques;lTo test theory When we use qualitative methodslTo explore problems and/or impact of actionslTo focus on interpretations, meanings and the cultural significance of some behaviour.lTo understand or examine s

15、ome problems/issues that are not easily measurable in a quantitative way lTo generate theory or hypotheses Research design/quantitative and qualitative approaches lThe design is the basic plan for a piece of empirical research and it includes four main components: 1) strategy, 2) conceptual framewor

16、k, 3) who or what will be studied, and 4) the tools and procedures to be used for data collectionQualitative methodslKey informant interview/in-depth interviewlFocus group discussionlObservationlParticipatory appraisal lYou need to know clearly pros and cons for each qualitative method used. Evidenc

17、e-based medicine/health policylWhich methods: Cochrane review vs. systematic review; or narrative review?lSearch strategy Description of methodslAfter the study design has been clearly described, you need to present how you are going to use each research method step by step (e.g. focus group discuss

18、ion)lData analysis needs to describe each analytic method which will be used in the data analysis and its justification.Common problems in this sectionlMethods, too simple and lack of detailed descriptions how many cities/CHS centres should be selected and what are the selection criteria, and why, q

19、uantitative and qualitative methods, sampling, selection of participants and its criteria, etc. lKey techniques - ? E.g. economic analysis method (which specific one?) and epidemiological analysis (which one?)Common problems in this sectionlTechnical route is not logic or does not make sense (which

20、activity should be carried out first and which carried out second, would all the research activities follow the same route?)lFramework too general and does not link to your objectivesSeveral suggestions on selecting methodslRe-examine the research questions and the way they are phrased what are the

21、implication for types of data?lAre we interested in making standardised comparisons, sketching contours and dimensions, quantifying relationships between variables and accounting for variance? Or are we more interested in studying a phenomenon or situation in detail, holistically and in context, foc

22、using on interpretations and/or process?lWhat guidance do we find from the literature about this topic on this methodological questionsSeveral suggestions on selecting methodslWhat are the practical consequence of each alternative (including resources and time frame, and collaboration with clients)?

23、lWhich way would we learn more?lWhich sort of research is more “my style or type”?Workplan and budgetlWho will do what and when?lMilestone/deliveries by timeframelResources required: human resources, financial resources, material/equipment resourcesCommon problems in this sectionlTimetable is not re

24、alistic (lots of things need to be done within 6 months, e.g.)lBudget no justification what so ever for the budget (e.g. design fee 10,000 30,000)lParticipants of the study project (how many persons and how many person-month input?, etc.)Plan for project administration and use of results/disseminati

25、on activitieslHow will the project be administrated? How will the use of results/findings be ensured?lHow will we present our findings and policy recommendations to relevant authorities, community, and the funding agencies?Other issueslReferencinglTrack records of PIlCollaborating partners/research teams