The-History-of-China.ppt

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1、 1 Prehistory(史前时代) 1.1 Paleolithic 1.2 Neolithic 2 Ancient era (传说时代) 2.1 Xia Dynasty 2.2 Shang Dynasty 2.3 Zhou Dynasty 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period 2.5 Warring States Period 3 Imperial era (帝王时代) 3.1 Qin Dynasty 3.2 Han Dynasty 3.3 Wei and Jin Period 3.4 Southern and Northern Dynasties3.6 Sui Dyn

2、asty 3.7 Tang Dynasty 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3.9 Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia Dynasties 3.10 Yuan Dynasty 3.11 Ming Dynasty 3.12 Qing Dynasty 4 Modern era (近，现代时期)4.1 Republic of China4.2 1949 to presentContents Remote Antiquity to Slave SocietyRemote Antiquity to Slave Society (1.7

3、 million years ago - 476 B.C.)(1.7 million years ago - 476 B.C.) China, one of the worlds most ancient China, one of the worlds most ancient civilizations, has a recorded history of nearly civilizations, has a recorded history of nearly 4,000 years. 4,000 years. A fossil anthropoid unearthed in Yuan

4、mou in Yunnan Province, “Yuanmou Man,” who lived approximately 1.7 million years ago, is Chinas earliest primitive man known so far. Yuanmou Man site “Peking Man,” who lived in the Zhoukoudian “Peking Man,” who lived in the Zhoukoudian area near Beijing 600,000 years ago, was able area near Beijing

5、600,000 years ago, was able to walk upright, make and use simple tools, to walk upright, make and use simple tools, and knew how to make fire. and knew how to make fire. Peking Man sitePeking Man skull tools(Paleolithic Age) The Neolithic Age started in China about 10,000 years The Neolithic Age sta

6、rted in China about 10,000 years ago, and relics from this period can be found all over the ago, and relics from this period can be found all over the country. Artificially grown rice and millet as well as farming country. Artificially grown rice and millet as well as farming tools have been found i

7、n the remains of Hemudu in Yuyao, tools have been found in the remains of Hemudu in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, and Banpo, near Xian City, Shaanxi Zhejiang Province, and Banpo, near Xian City, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These relics date back some 6,000-Province, respectively. These relics date b

8、ack some 6,000-7,000 years.7,000 years. HemuduBanpo Xia DynastyXia Dynasty Chinese civilization began with the legendary sage-emperors Huang Di and Yan Di in the area of the Yellow River Basin After centuries, the two tribes gradually merged into one by the time of the Xia Dynasty. Chinese people, u

9、sually regard themselves as “the descendants of Yan and Huang”. Chinese generally tell the history from Xia Dynasty, which was founded in 2070 B.C. With the Xia Dynasty, China With the Xia Dynasty, China entered slave societyentered slave society YuDressArts and craftsThe Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C.-10

10、46 B.C.)The Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.) The Shang Dynasty enjoyed the most advanced bronze civilization in the world The development of a writing system can be witnessed on the oracles like tortoise shell or animal bones, and these writings were the beginning of the written Chinese language.

11、司母戊鼎司母戊鼎 四羊方尊四羊方尊甲骨文甲骨文 The Zhou Dynasty (1046 B.C.-221 B.C.)The Zhou Dynasty (1046 B.C.-221 B.C.) The Zhou Dynasty reigned for the longest period of all Chinese dynasties The Zhou Dynasty fell into several sub-periods: the Western Zhou, the Eastern Zhou which was further divided into the Spring and

12、 Autumn Period and the Warring States Period The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods are famous for the cultural prosperity with “Hundred Schools of Thought”.All Schools of All Schools of Thoughts Contend Thoughts Contend for Attentionfor Attention During the Spring and AutumnDuring the Spr

13、ing and Autumnand the Warring States periods,and the Warring States periods, there was a great upsurge of there was a great upsurge of intellectual activity, producing intellectual activity, producing many famous philosophers, many famous philosophers, such as Lao Tzu, Confucius, such as Lao Tzu, Co

14、nfucius, Mencius and Mo Tzu, and theMencius and Mo Tzu, and the well-known military scientist well-known military scientist Sun Wu.Sun Wu. Lao Tzu 道德经道德经 The Book of Tao and Teh The Book of Tao and TehConfucius Analects of Confucius Mencius 富贵不能淫，富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。威武不能屈。此之谓大丈夫。此之谓大丈夫。 孟子孟子 Mo

15、TzuMo Tzu尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、尚贤、尚同、兼爱、非攻、节用、节葬节葬 Sun Wu 孙子兵法孙子兵法，现收藏于故宫博物馆，现收藏于故宫博物馆 The Art of WarThe Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang (259 - 210 B.C.) and His Qin Shi Huang (259 - 210 B.C.) and His EmpireEmpire In 221 B.C., Ying Zheng, ruler of the State of Qin and a man of great talent and bol

16、d vision, ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period, establishing the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese historythe Qin Dynasty (221-207 B.C.). He called himself Qin Shi Huang or “First Emperor of Qin” . 秦的统

17、一秦的统一远交近攻远交近攻合纵连横合纵连横秦秦韩韩楚魏魏齐燕燕赵赵 He He standardized the written script, weights and standardized the written script, weights and measures, and currenciesmeasures, and currencies. The sovereigns of the . The sovereigns of the next 2,000-odd years followed the feudal next 2,000-odd years followed the

18、 feudal governmental structure established by him. governmental structure established by him. Written ScriptWritten Script 圆形方孔钱圆形方孔钱CurrenciesCurrencies度度衡衡量量Weights and MeasuresWeights and Measures The Qin Dynasty was well-known for beginning the construction of the Great Wall which was later augm

19、ented and enhanced during the Ming Dynasty. Qin Shi Huang had worked on his enormous mausoleum Qin Shi Huang had worked on his enormous mausoleum started early in his reign. The started early in his reign. The terracotta warriors terracotta warriors of the of the “underground army” guarding the maus

20、oleum, unearthed “underground army” guarding the mausoleum, unearthed in 1974, amazed the world. The 8,000 vivid, life-size pottery in 1974, amazed the world. The 8,000 vivid, life-size pottery figures, horses and chariots have been called the “eighth figures, horses and chariots have been called th

21、e “eighth wonder of the world.”wonder of the world.”Han Dynasty Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - 220 A.D. )(206 B.C. - 220 A.D. ) and the Silk Road and the Silk Road Liu Bang established the powerfulLiu Bang established the powerful Han Dynasty in 206 B.C. During the Han Dynasty in 206 B.C. During theHan Dyn

22、asty, agriculture, handicraftsHan Dynasty, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the and commerce flourished, and the population reached 50 million. population reached 50 million. Liu BangEmperor Wudi During his reign (140-87 B.C.), the most During his reign (140-87 B.C.), the most p

23、rosperous period of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, prosperous period of the Han Dynasty, Liu Che, Emperor Wudi, expanded the territory of the Emperor Wudi, expanded the territory of the empire from the Central Plain to the Western empire from the Central Plain to the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang

24、 and Central Asia). Regions (present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia). Silk Road He dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the He dispatched Zhang Qian twice as his envoy to the Western Regions, and in the process pioneered the route Western Regions, and in the process pioneered the route known a

25、s the known as the Silk RoadSilk Road from Changan (todays Xian, from Changan (todays Xian, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central Asia, and Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and Central Asia, and on to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Chinese silk on to the east coast of the Medi

26、terranean Sea. Chinese silk goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road. goods were traded to the West along the Silk Road. As contacts between the As contacts between the East and West increased, East and West increased, Buddhism spread to China in Buddhism spread to China in the first centur

27、ythe first century. In 105, an . In 105, an official named Cai Lun inventedofficial named Cai Lun invented a technique for making fine a technique for making fine paper, which is considered topaper, which is considered to have been a revolution in have been a revolution in communication and learning

28、. communication and learning. Jin (265-420) Jin (265-420) The Three Kingdoms was followed by the Western Jin with Luoyang as its capital city, and Eastern Jin with Jiankang (Nanjing) as its capital city. The Jin Dynasty did not last long with a lot of confrontations and conflicts.The Upheaval of the

29、 Eight PrincesTang Dynasty (618 - 907)Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Li Yuan founded the Tang Dynasty with its capital at Changan. Zhenguan Reign Period Reforms Li Shimin, or Emperor Taizong (626-649), son of Li Li Shimin, or Emperor Taizong (626-649), son of Li Yuan, adopted a series of liberal policies,

30、 pushing Yuan, adopted a series of liberal policies, pushing the prosperity of Chinas feudal society to its the prosperity of Chinas feudal society to its peak.peak.Li ShiminLi Shimin During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism flourished and gradually became localized as an important part of Chinese traditio

31、nal culture A Buddhist monk Xuan Zang traveled from Changan through Gansu, Xinjiang and central Asia to India for the furtherance of Buddhist classics. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing DynastiesSong, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960 - 1911)(960 - 1911) The period of the Five DynastiesThe period of the Fi

32、ve Dynasties and Ten States, which succeeded and Ten States, which succeeded the Tang Dynasty, was one of the Tang Dynasty, was one of almost continual warfare. almost continual warfare. Song Dynasty Song Dynasty (960-1279)(960-1279) In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the State of In 960, Zhao Kuan

33、gyin, a general of the State of Later Zhou, established the Song Dynasty (960-Later Zhou, established the Song Dynasty (960-1279), historically known as the Northern Song 1279), historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty. Dynasty. When the Song Dynasty moved its capital to the When the Song Dyn

34、asty moved its capital to the south, historically called the Southern Song south, historically called the Southern Song Dynasty, it brought advanced economy and Dynasty, it brought advanced economy and culture to the south, giving a great impetus to culture to the south, giving a great impetus to ec

35、onomic development.economic development.Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival China in the Song Dynasty was in the front rank China in the Song Dynasty was in the front rank of the world in astronomy, science and of the world in astronomy, science and technology and printing technology as evidenced,

36、technology and printing technology as evidenced, for example, by Bi Shengs inventing movable for example, by Bi Shengs inventing movable type printing, a great revolution in printing type printing, a great revolution in printing history.history.Bi ShengBi ShengMovable type printingMovable type print

37、ingYuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)(1271-1368) In 1271, Kublai, a grandson of Genghis Khan, In 1271, Kublai, a grandson of Genghis Khan, conquered the Central Plain, founded the Yuan conquered the Central Plain, founded the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), and made Dadu (todays Dynasty (1271-1368), an

38、d made Dadu (todays Beijing) the capital. Beijing) the capital. 元朝花瓶元朝花瓶 元朝建筑元朝建筑 Kublai wrote finis to the Kublai wrote finis to the centuries-long situation in centuries-long situation in which many independent which many independent regimes existed side by side,regimes existed side by side, and f

39、ormed a united country and formed a united country that brought Xinjiang, Tibet that brought Xinjiang, Tibet and Yunnan under its sway. and Yunnan under its sway. KublaiKublaiFour Great InventionsFour Great Inventions (Song-Yuan periodSong-Yuan period ) printingprinting papermaking papermaking the c

40、ompassthe compass gunpowder gunpowder During the Song-Yuan period, the “four great inventions” in During the Song-Yuan period, the “four great inventions” in science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient were science and technology of the Chinese people in ancient were further developed, a

41、nd introduced to foreign countries, making further developed, and introduced to foreign countries, making great contributions to world civilization.great contributions to world civilization. Ming DynastyMing Dynasty (1368-1644)(1368-1644) In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty In 1368,

42、Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in Nanjing, reigning as Emperor Taizu. When (1368-1644) in Nanjing, reigning as Emperor Taizu. When his son and successor Zhu Di (1360-1424) ascended the his son and successor Zhu Di (1360-1424) ascended the throne, in 1360, he built and expande

43、d the palaces, throne, in 1360, he built and expanded the palaces, temples, city walls and moat in Beijing on a large scale. In temples, city walls and moat in Beijing on a large scale. In 1421, he officially moved the capital to Beijing. 1421, he officially moved the capital to Beijing. Zhu Yuanzha

44、ngZhu YuanzhangZhu DiZhu Di During his reign, he dispatched During his reign, he dispatched a eunuch named Zheng He to leada eunuch named Zheng He to leada fleet of many ships to make sevena fleet of many ships to make sevenfar-ranging voyages. Passing the far-ranging voyages. Passing the Southeast

45、Asian countries, theSoutheast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Maldives Islands, Zheng He exploredMaldives Islands, Zheng He explored as far as Somalia and Kenya on the as far as Somalia and Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa. These were eastern co

46、ast of Africa. These were the largest-scale and longest voyagesthe largest-scale and longest voyages in the world before the age of Columbus. in the world before the age of Columbus. Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)(1644-1911) The Manchus of northeast China established the Qing Dynasty (1644-19

47、11) in 1644, under the leadership of Nurhachi. Kangxi (1661-1722) was the most famous emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He brought Taiwan under Qing rule, and resisted invasions by tsarist Russia. To reinforce the administration of Tibet, he also formulated the rules and regulations on the confirmation o

48、f the Tibetan local leaders by the Central Government. He effectively administered over 11 million sq km of Chinese territory. NurhachiNurhachiKangxiKangxiModern Period Modern Period (1840 - 1919)(1840 - 1919) During the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty During the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty declin

49、ed rapidly. Britain smuggled large declined rapidly. Britain smuggled large quantities of opium into China, making the Qing quantities of opium into China, making the Qing government impose a ban on the drug. government impose a ban on the drug. In an effort to protect its opiumIn an effort to prote

50、ct its opium trade, Britain launched a war of trade, Britain launched a war of aggression against China in 1840. aggression against China in 1840. The Qing government finally signedThe Qing government finally signed the Treaty of Nanking, a treaty of the Treaty of Nanking, a treaty of national betra