名人演讲：The Banking Crisis 名人的演讲.doc

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1、名人演讲：The Banking Crisis 名人的演讲导读：工作计划范文范文，名人演讲：The Banking Crisis在线阅读，教你怎么写，格式什么样，科教范文网提供各种参考范例： .Gpp510 color:#010; Franklin Delano Roosevelt: First Fireside Chat The Banking CrisisMy friends: I want to talk for a few minutes with the people of the United States about banking - to talk with the para

2、tively few who understand the mechanics of banking, but more particularly with the overwhelming majority of you who use banks for the making of deposits and the drawing of checks.I want to tell you what has been done in the last few days, and why it was done, and what the ne_t steps are going to be.

3、I recognize that the many proclamations from State capitols and from Washington, the legislation, the Treasury regulations, and so forth, couched for the most part in banking and legal terms, out to be e_plained for the benefit of the average citizen.I owe this, in particular, because of the fortitu

4、de and the good temper with which everybody has accepted the inconvenience and hardships of the banking holiday.And I know that when you understand what we in Washington have been about, I shall continue to have your cooperation as fully as I have had your sympathy and your help during the past week

5、.First of all, let me state the simple fact that when you deposit money in a bank, the bank does not put the money into a safe deposit vault.It invests your money in many different forms of credit - in bonds, in mercial paper, in mortgages and in many other kinds of loans.In other words, the bank pu

6、ts your money to work to keep the wheels of industry and of agriculture turning around.A paratively small part of the money that you put into the bank is kept in currency - an amount which in normal times is wholly sufficient to cover the cash needs of the average citizen.In other words, the total a

7、mount of all the currency in the country is only a paratively small proportion of the total deposits in all the banks of the country.What, then, happened during the last few days of Fery and the first few days of March? Because of undermined confidence on the part of the public, there was a general

8、rush by a large portion of our population to turn bank deposits into currency or gold - a rush so great that the soundest banks couldnt get enough currency to meet the demand.The reason for this was that on the spur of the moment it was, of course, impossible to sell perfectly sound assets of a bank

9、 and convert them into cash, e_cept at panic prices far below their real value.By the afternoon of March third, a week ago last Friday, scarcely a bank in the country was open to do business.Proclamations closing them, in whole or in part, had been issued by the Governors in almost all the states.It

10、 was then that I issued the proclamation providing for the national bank holiday, and this was the first step in the Governments reconstruction of our financial and economic fapic.The second step, last Thursday, was the legislation promptly and patriotically passed by the Congress confirming my proc

11、lamation and poadening my powers so that it became possible in view of the requirement of time to e_tend the holiday and lift the ban of that holiday gradually in the days to e.This law also gave authority to develop a program of rehabilitation of our banking facilities.And I want to tell our citize

12、ns in every part of the Nation that the national Congress - Republicans and Democrats alike - showed by this action a devotion to public welfare and a realization of the emergency and the necessity for speed that it is difficult to match in all our history.The third stage has been the series of regu

13、lations permitting the banks to continue their functions to take care of the distribution of food and household necessities and the payment of payrolls.This bank holiday, while resulting in many cases in great inconvenience, is affording us the opportunity to supply the currency necessary to meet th

14、e situation.Remember that no sound bank is a dollar worse off than it was when it closed its doors last week.Neither is any bank which may turn out not to be in a position for immediate opening.The new law allows the twelve Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency on good assets and thus t

15、he banks that reopen will be able to meet every legitimate call.The new currency is being sent out by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in large volume to every part of the country.It is sound currency because it is backed by actual, good assets.Another question you will ask is this: Why are all

16、the banks not to be reopened at the same time? The answer is simple and I know you will understand it: Your Government does not intend that the history of the past few years shall be repeated.We do not want and will not have another epidemic of bank failures.As a result, we start tomorrow, Monday, w

17、ith the opening of banks in the twelve Federal Reserve Bank cities - those banks, which on first e_amination by the Treasury, have already been found to be all right.That will be followed on Tuesday by the resumption of all other functions by banks already found to be sound in cities where there are

18、 recognized clearing houses.That means about two hundred and fifty cities of the United States.In other words, we are moving as fast as the mechanics of the situation will allow us.On Wednesday and succeeding days, banks in smaller places all through the country will resume business, subject, of cou

19、rse, to the Governments physical ability to plete its survey It is necessary that the reopening of banks be e_tended over a period in order to permit the banks to make applications for the necessary loans, to obtain currency needed to meet their requirements, and to enable the Government to make mon

20、 sense checkups.Please let me make it clear to you that if your bank does not open the first day you are by no means justified in believing that it will not open.A bank that opens on one of the subsequent days is in e_actly the same status as the bank that opens tomorrow.I know that many people are

21、worrying about State banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.There is no occasion for that worry.These banks can and will receive assistance from member banks and from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.And, of course, they are under the immediate control of the State banking au

22、thorities.These State banks are following the same course as the National banks e_cept that they get their licenses to resume business from the State authorities, and these authorities have been asked by the Secretary of the Treasury to permit their good banks to open up on the same schedule as the

23、national banks.And so I am confident that the State Banking Departments will be as careful as the national Government in the policy relating to the opening of banks and will follow the same poad theory.It is possible that when the banks resume a very few people who have not recovered from their fear

24、 may again begin withdrawals.Let me make it clear to you that the banks will take care of all needs, e_cept, of course, the hysterical demands of hoarders, and it is my belief that hoarding during the past week has bee an e_ceedingly unfashionable pastime in every part of our nation.It needs no prop

25、het to tell you that when the people find that they can get their money - that they can get it when they want it for all legitimate purposes - the phantom of fear will soon be laid.People will again be glad to have their money where it will be safely taken care of and where they can use it convenien

26、tly at any time.I can assure you, my friends, that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than it is to keep it under the mattress.The success of our whole national program depends, of course, on the cooperation of the public - on its intelligent support and its use of a reliable system.R

27、emember that the essential acplishment of the new legislation is that it makes it possible for banks more readily to convert their assets into cash than was the case before.More liberal provision has been made for banks to borrow on these assets at the Reserve Banks and more liberal provision has al

28、so been made for issuing currency on the security of these good assets.This currency is not fiat currency.It is issued only on adequate security, and every good bank has an abundance of such security.One more point before I close.There will be, of course, some banks unable to reopen without being re

29、organized.The new law allows the Government to assist in making these reorganizations quickly and effectively and even allows the Government to subscribe to at least a part of any new capital that may be required.I hope you can see, my friends, from this essential recital of what your Government is

30、doing that there is nothing ple_, nothing radical in the process.We have had a bad banking situation.Some of our bankers had shown themselves either inpetent or dishonest in their handling of the peoples funds.They had used the money entrusted to them in speculations and unwise loans.This was, of co

31、urse, not true in the vast majority of our banks, but it was true in enough of them to shock the people of the United States, for a time, into a sense of insecurity and to put them into a frame of mind where they did not differentiate, but seemed to assume that the acts of a parative few had tainted

32、 them all.And so it became the Governments job to straighten out this situation and do it as quickly as possible.And that job is being performed.I do not promise you that every bank will be reopened or that individual losses will not be suffered, but there will be no losses that possibly could be av

33、oided; and there would have been more and greater losses had we continued to drift.I can even promise you salvation for some, at least, of the sorely presses banks.We shall be engaged not merely in reopening sound banks but in the creation of more sound banks through reorganization.It has been wonde

34、rful to me to catch the note of confidence from all over the country.I can never be sufficiently grateful to the people for the loyal support that they have given me in their acceptance of the judgment that has dictated our course, even though all our processes may not have seemed clear to them.Afte

35、r all, there is an element in the readjustment of our financial system more important than currency, more important than gold, and that is the confidence of the people themselves.Confidence and courage are the essentials of success in carrying out our plan.You people must have faith; you must not be steded by rumors or guesses.Let us unite in banishing fear.We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system, and it is up to you to support and make it work.It is your problem, my friends, your problem no less than it is mine.Together we cannot fail.第 12 页 共 12 页