小学英语语法总复习资料.doc

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1、 一 名词与量词 一 不可数名词: 部分为液体类,气体类的物质单词 (没有复数形式)液体:tea coffee juice Coke milk water soup 气体: air gas 肉类: chicken(表“鸡肉”时为不可数名词, 表“小鸡”时为可数名词) fish (表“鱼肉”时为不可数名词, 表“鱼”时为可数名词) pork beef meat 总称: food fruit 其它: rain wind snow light pizza pasta salad bread toast porridge rice chocolate ice-cream broccoli grass(

2、小草) money paper二 名词复数形式:1. +s2. o(有生命), x, s, sh, ch +es3. 辅音加y结尾,改y为ies4. 改fe 或f 为ves5. 单复数同形fish sheep deer people family(作为“家人”解释时) Chinese Japanese6. 特殊man men firemanfiremen policeman-policemen postman- postmen snowman-snowmenwoman women policewoman policewomengoose geese foot feet tooth teeth

3、ox- oxen child children mouse-mice 三名词的所有格 1 一般情况,在名词的末尾加 s ( the boys bag ) 2 以s结尾的复数名词末尾加 ( the boys books ) 3. 表示几个人共同拥有的东西,只在最后一个名字后加 s 如: Tom and Bens bedroom (汤姆与本共同拥有的卧室)4. 分别拥有的东西就在每个名字后各自加 s 如: Toms bedroom and Bens bedroom ( 汤姆的卧室和本的卧室)5. 没有生命的东西的所有格 通常用 “ of + 名词”的方法来表示。如: the cover of th

4、e book (书的封面) 注: 姓氏的复数形式前面加the 表示“ 一家人” 如:the Whites (怀特一家人) 姓或名字后加所有格有时可以表示 地点。 如: Lets eat at Jimmys (我们去Jimmy 餐厅吃饭吧。) Im going to Miss Lins . (我准备去林老师家。)四 量词 1. a plate of (一盘) 7. a bowl of ( 一碗) 2. a piece of (一片/ 张) 8. a bag of ( 一袋) 3. a pair of ( 一对/ 双) 9. a box of (一箱) 4. a cup of ( 一茶杯) 5.

5、a glass of ( 一玻璃杯) 6. a bottle of ( 一瓶)注: 量词的后面 + 不可数名词(单数) / 可数名词(复数) 如: a bag of rice a bag of apples 当量词数量超过一时,量词也要跟着用复数形式。 如 :two glasses of some bottles of 二 .形容词与副词(一)单音节及部分双音节单词的形容词及副词比较级与最高级变化规律:1.直接er / est2.以e结尾 r/st3.重读闭音节单词(通常以辅元辅结尾)双写末尾字母er / est (如: wetter , hotter ,fatter)4.辅音加y结尾改y为i

6、er / est5.特殊(不规则)(二)双音节(部分)与多音节单词形容词、副词比较级与最高级变化规律:比较级 最高级more 原形 most原形(三)修饰比较级的词:much a little + 比较级a lot (四)表示 “越来越”bigger and bigger happier and happier more and more less and leesmore and more slowly more and more beautiful more and more boring (五)不规则的形容词词、副词比较级与最高级: well better best good bette

7、r best many more most bad worse worst far farther farthest little less least (六)部分双音节形容词、副词的比较级与最高级: slowly more slowly most slowly crowded more crowded most crowded famous more famous most famous quickly more quickly most quickly patient more patient most patient excited more excited most excited b

8、oring more boring most boring(七)其他1.形容词修饰名词,常放在名词前。( a beautiful girl )2.副词修饰动词, 常放在动词后面。( run fast )3.两者之间用比较级,三者或三者以上通常用最高级。如: Who can run faster, Ben or Tom? Who can run fastest, Ben, Tom, or Yongxian?4.比较级的句子通常有标志词 “than”。5. 最高级的句子通常有标志词“ the”(形容词最高级才有,副词没有), 表范围限制的介词“ in、 on、 of ”。 如: She is th

9、e prettiest of the three. ( 她是三个人当中最漂亮的。) Elephants are the biggest animals on land. He runs most slowly in his class. ( 副词的最高级前面没有“the”)三 介词与连词(一) 介词 1表时间:at:在几点on:在某一天in: 在某个月、季节、学期、年fromto :从到.for: 做事情做了多长时间,持续多久during: 在期间 2. 表方位: in , on , beside, under , behind , in front of, near , between ,

10、opposite, against里面 上面 旁边 下面 后面 前面 附近 两者之间 对面 靠着 3. 表地点:at : 在 (后面加小的地点) (at school , at the library)in: 在 (后面加大的地点) (in China, in Guangzhou)9. in the morning /afternoon / evening 在上午/ 下午/ 晚上10. at noon / night 在中午 / 夜晚11. close to / next to 靠近12. on the left / right 在左边 / 右边13. from the left / righ

11、t 从左边 / 右边14. ask for 索取15. wait for 等待16. on the farm 在农场上4. 介词短语1 leave for 离开到2 start for 出发到3 look for 寻找4 agree with 同意5 catch up with 赶上6 help sb. with 帮某人某事7 help yourself to 随便吃.8 get to 到达(二) 连词and :和 (并列关系)or: 或者(选择关系)but: 但是(转折关系)when: 当then:然后before: 在之前after:在之后because : 因为so: 所以if: 假如四

12、代词、冠词与数词 (一) 代词人称代词我你他她它我们它/她/他们主格 I you he she it we they宾格 me you him her it us them物主代词我的你的他的她的它的我们的它/他/她们的形容词性 my your his her its our their名词性mine yours his hers its ours theirs 1. 人称代词 主格:一般在句子中做主语,放在动词前面。( 疑问句则放在动词后面) 如: She and I are good friends . Is she a clever girl? 宾格: 一般在句子中做宾语, 放在动词或介

13、词后面。 如: Give me a book. I am waiting for him.2. 物主代词 形容词性物主代词:修饰名词,放在名词前面。 ( 如: my book , their teacher )名词性物主代词: 后面不能加名词,可单独使用,常放在句子末尾或动词前面。 如: Your book is better than mine. My book is interesting. Hers is boring. ( hers 在这里意思为 her book)(二) 冠词 1. 不定冠词 a 、an 1) 表示一类人或事物,不具体指哪一个。 如: She is a teacher

14、. 2) 表示数量“一”。 如: I have a cat and two rabbits. 3)用在固定搭配里。 如: a lot of , a little , have a cold, take a rest 4) 元音发音开头的单词用“an” ,辅音发音开头的单词用“a”。( 一般情况以a, e , i o, u结尾的单词用“an”) 如: an egg, an English teacher , an apple2 定冠词 the 1) 特指某个具体的人或事物。 (如: The book on the table is mine)2) 已经提过的人或事物。 ( 如:I have a

15、cat. The cat is lovely.)3) 用在序数词、形容词最高级的前面。 ( I live on the third floor . Guangzhou is the best city.)4) 用在世界独一无二的事物前。 ( the sun, the moon, the earth )5) 用在乐器前。 ( play the guitar , play the piano )(三)数词1. 基数词 : 表数量 ( one ,two ,three ) 2. 序数词: 表顺序 ( first, second, third.) 一、二、三 特殊记, first, second, th

16、ird。 八 去t , 九去e,ve 要用f 替。 见y 改为i和e ,词尾加上th。 若是遇见几十几,只变各位就可以。 ( first , second, third, eighth, ninth , fifth, twentieth forty-first ) 五动词(一)情态动词:can, could, may, must, need, will, would, should, + 动原cant , couldnt mustnt , neednt, wont, shouldnt + 动原 1. 情态动词表示说话人的语气与情态。2. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 如: I / She /

17、He / They can run.3注意: 用must 来提问,肯定回答用must, 否定的回答多用neednt. 如: Must I borrow books with a library card? Yes, you must. Must I borrow books with an ID card? No. you neednt. (二)be 动词be动词口诀:1. 在一般现在时中:I 用am, you 用are, is连着he, she, it.单数名词用is, 复数名词全用are.变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。变否定,更容易,be 后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。

18、2.在过去时中:I 用was, you 用were, was连着he, she, it.单数名词用was, 复数名词全用were.(三)行为动词 1.行为动词主要表示主语的动作和状态。 如: stand, come, die, go, run, sit, put, borrow, buy 2行为动词可分为及物动词(vt.) 和不及物动词(vi.)。 3及物动词指的是后面能跟宾语的动词。 4不及物动词指的后面不能跟宾语的动词。 五一般过去时 1一般过去时的定义:表示过去发生的事情和动作。2动词由原形变为过去式的规律(即动词过去式): 1)ed ( 如:watched )2)以e 结尾d (如li

19、ked)3)重读闭音节单词(通常以辅元辅结尾)双写末尾字母ed (如:stopped)4)辅音加y结尾的单词改y为ied (如:studied)5)不规则(及特殊形式):(见 六年级下册P90) am- was is-was are- were do-did feel-felt get-got go- went have-hadsay-said see-saw read- read come- came eat- ate fly-flew blow-blew3一般过去时常用的时间状语:just now (刚才)yesterday (昨天)yesterday morning / afternoo

20、n / evening (昨天早上/ 下午 / 晚上)last month./ week / year (上个月/ 上个星期 / 去年)this morning / afternoon / evening (今天上午 / 下午 / 晚上) ago (之前)in 2000 (在2000年) before / before(以前 / 以前)4一般过去时的句型:肯定句:( 动词用过去式)She was at home yesterday evening.We were busy just now.He did his homework last night.They played football

21、yesterday.否定句:(行为动词的否定: didnt +动原 ;be 动词的否定: wasnt , werent )She wasnt at home yesterday evening. We werent busy just now. He didnt do his home work last night.They didnt play football yesterday.疑问句:(行为动词的疑问句:did +动原; be 动词的疑问: Was/ Were )Was she at home yesterday evening?Were you busy just now?Did

22、he do his homework last night?Did they play football yesterday?Where did he go yesterday?How did you go to school this morning? 六 一般将来时(一) 一般将来时的定义: 表示将要做,打算做, 准备做的事.(二) 一般将来时的结构:1. be going to +动词原形(is / are / am going to + 动词原形)1) 肯定句I am going to go to school tomorrow.He is going to play football

23、 this afternoon .She is going to do some reading.They are going to see the white tiger next Sunday.We are going to surf the Net this evening.Sally is going to swim this afternoon.The girl is going to go to the park with her friend tomorrow.2)否定句isnt / arent / am not / going to + 动词原形如:She isnt going

24、 to swim tomorrow. They arent going to swim next weekend.3) 特殊疑问句What are you going to do ?How are you going to get there?What time is your train going to leave for Hong Kong?What time are you going to go to school tomorrow?4) 一般疑问句Is she going to go to school tomorrow? Yes,she is . / No, she isnt.A

25、re you going to play football tomorrow? Yes , I am. / No, I am not.Am I going to get to school by bus tomorrow? Yes, you are. / No, you arent.2. will +动词原形1) . 肯定句I will go to school tomorrow.He will play football this afternoon .She will do some reading.They will see the white tiger next Sunday.2).

26、 否定句:wont +动词原形3)一般疑问句Will you go to school tomorrow? Yes, I will. / No, I wont.Will she surf the Net tomorrow? Yes, she will / No, she wont.4) 特殊疑问句When will you get there?Who will go with you?What will you do on holiday? (三). 一般将来时常用时间状语:tomorrow, the day after tomorrow , this (next) morning /Sund

27、ay/ week 七一般现在时1一般现在时的定义:表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态特征。2一般现在时常见标志词:never, sometimes, often, usually, always, seldom,every3一般现在时基本句型结构:第三人称单数其他人称肯定句动词加s或es (does)动词原形 (do)否定句doesnt+动词原形 dont +动词原形疑问句does+动词原形do+动词原形4.当主语是第三人称单数时, 一般现在时的动词变化的规律:n 1) 一般情况加s,例如: visit visits tell tells work works wave waves n 2)

28、 以s, x, sh, ch,o结尾的动词, 加es,例如: wash washes watch watches catch catches teach-teachesfixfixes guess-guesses go-goes do-doesn 3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为i加es,例如: fly flies study studies n 4) 特殊情况 have has 5.当主语是第三人称单数时, 一般现在时的特殊疑问: n What time does he get up? He gets up at six. n Where does she live? She live

29、s in Renmin Road. n How does he go to work? He goes to work by bus. Who hands in the homework? Jiamin . Whose friend practices the piano? Janes friend. n Which school does she study at? She studies at Mo. 2 School.6.当主语是第三人称单数时, 一般现在时的肯定句,否定句和一般疑问句的变化, 例如: n I eat dinner at six. n He eats dinner at

30、six too. n I dont eat dinner at six. n He doesnt eat dinner at six either. n Do you eat dinner at six? n Does he eat dinner at six? 八 现在进行时 1定义:表示动作正在进行。 2现在进行时常用标志词:now , listen , look, see 3. 动词ing形式(即现在分词)构成规律: 1)一般情况加ing red-reading, play-playing 2)去e加ing 如: write-writing, have-having, take-taki

31、ng , make-making 3)重读闭音节单词(辅音元音辅音结尾),双写末尾字母加ing 如: sitting , putting, getting, beginning, running, swimming, shopping, skipping, stopping 4)以ie结尾,将ie改为y再加ing 如: die-dying, lie-lying 4. 现在进行时的结构: be doing (即: is / are / am 动词ing )5. 基本句型: 1)肯定句: I am singing now. She is singing now. . They are singin

32、g now. 2)否定句: I am not singing now. She isnt singing now. They arent singing now. 3) 一般疑问句 Are you singing? Is she singing? Are they singing? 4)特殊疑问句 What are you doing What are they doing ? What is she doing? How are you going there? What book are you reading?6 部分缩写形式: is not = isnt are not= arent

33、I am = Im she is = shes he is = hes you are = youre it is = its 7am 和is 在句子末尾时不能缩写,即不能出现“Yes, Im. Yes, its. ”之类的回答。 九There be句型与祈使句(一) There be 句型 1. 定义: There be 句型表示“某地有某人或某物” 2肯定句: 现在有: There is / are + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 过去有: There was / were + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 将来有: There is /are going to be + 事物/ 人物

34、地点 / 时间 There will be + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 如:There is a book on the desk. (书桌上有一本书。) There are seven days in a week. ( 一个星期有七天。) There was a cake on the table just now, ( 刚才桌子上有一个蛋糕。) There is going to be a match tomorrow. ( 明天将会有一场比赛。) There will be a football match tomorrow. ( 明天将会有一场足球比赛。)3. 否定句 现在没有

35、: There isnt/ arent + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 过去没有: There wasnt / werent + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 将来没有: There isnt /arent going to be + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间There wont be + 事物/ 人物 地点 / 时间 如: There isnt a book on the desk. ( 书桌上没有书。) There wasnt a cake on the table just now, ( 刚才桌子上没有蛋糕。) There isnt going to be a match tomo

36、rrow. ( 明天将不会有比赛。) There wont be a football match tomorrow. ( 明天不会有足球比赛。)4 There be 句型中的be 动词的形式由最靠近be 动词的第一个名词决定,也就是“就近原则”。如: There is a book and two pens on the table. ( 因为最靠近be动词的名词是“book”,“book” 是单数,所以be 动词要用单数形式的“is”) There is some water in the glass. There are some books on the table. There is a book and some pens on the table . There is a teacher in the classroom. There are some teachers in the school. (二) 祈使句1. 定义:祈使句用来表达请求、命令、劝告、建议或鼓励。2. 句型:肯定句: 用动词原形 如: Stand up . Give me a book .否定句: Dont + 动词原形 如: Dont pick flowers in the park.13

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