托福与SAT例子选辑.docx

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1、Bill GatesWhen Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to

2、study in the worlds No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world. Thomas EdisonWe can lea

3、rn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previo

4、us works. Mother Teresa Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name Saint of the Gutters. The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979

5、. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide. Diana Spencer Lady Diana Spence

6、r, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills. Nelson Mandela Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize f

7、or his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since hi

8、s triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africas antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in movi

9、ng the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Beethoven Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep

10、 him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.George BushOn January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Oper

11、ation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf. In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S. troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war. The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called

12、 it off in 1993. Jimmy CarterPresident Carters policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of Americas relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s. In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of

13、Cuba by the countrys citizens. The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons. Neville ChamberlainIn 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler,

14、an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, peace in our time. Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland. A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II be

15、gan in Europe. Winston ChurchillIn the early 1930s, Conservative M.P. Winston Churchill issued unheeded warnings of the threat of Nazi aggression from his seat on a House of Commons backbench. With German tanks racing across France, Churchill spoke to the British people for the first time as prime m

16、inister, and pledged a struggle to the last breath against Nazi conquest and oppression. In the summer of 1940, the democracies of continental Europe fell to Germany one by one, leaving Great Britain alone in its resistance to Adolf Hitler. The Nazi leader was confident that victory against Britain

17、would come soon, but Churchill prophesied otherwise, telling his countrymen that the Battle of Britain would be their finest hour. Bill ClintonIn 1994, President Clinton authorized a military operation to overthrow Haitis military dictators and restore its democratically elected leader. On the eve o

18、f invasion, bloodshed was prevented when former president Jimmy Carter brokered an agreement with Haitis leaders in which they pledged to give up power. Dwight D. EisenhowerOn June 5, 1944, the supreme Allied commander ordered commencement of the D-Day invasion, the largest combined sea, air, and la

19、nd military operation in history. Eisenhower told the 3 million men of the Allied Expeditionary Force, The eyes of the world are upon you! In 1956, Israel, Britain, and France invaded Egypt in protest of its nationalization of the Suez Canal. The U.S.S.R. and the United States, both vying for greate

20、r influence in the Middle East, forced the three nations to end their occupation of the strategic canal. Princesses Elizabeth and MargaretDuring the Battle of Britain, the children of King George VI delivered a radio address to British children who had been evacuated abroad. Princesses Elizabeth and

21、 Margaret, like their parents, weathered the dark days of World War II in Britain. Gerald FordNine days before the fall of Saigon, President Ford spoke on the resignation of South Vietnamese President Thieu. Soon after, the United States launched a massive helicopter evacuation of tens of thousands

22、of anticommunist South Vietnamese and the last few Americans remaining in the country. Mohandas GandhiIn 1931, Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement, was released from prison to attend the London Round Table Conference on India as the sole representative of t

23、he Indian National Congress. GorbachevAs leader of the U.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev was a great force for peace, even at the cost of the Soviet governments downfall after 74 years in power. Adolf HitlerA few days before his occupation of the Sudetenland, a confident Hitler addressed a Nazi rally at B

24、erlins Sportpalast stadium, and reassured the crowd that if war came with Britain and France the German Wehrmacht would be victorious. Pope John Paul IIIn 1995, the pope addressed the United Nations on the occasion of its 50th anniversary. Reaffirming his support of the ideals and goals of the U.N.,

25、 he praised the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called for the U.N. to become the moral center of a family of nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Richard NixonIn a defining moment of the Cold War, Vice President Nixon and Soviet leader Khrushchev engaged in an impromptu debate about the merits

26、and disadvantages of capitalism and communism. The exchange, which took place in Moscow in front of a replica of a suburban American kitchen, was known as the Kitchen Debate. Douglas MacArthurOn September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, the most destructive war in human history offici

27、ally came to an end as representatives of the Japanese government and military signed their countrys unconditional surrender. After clashing with President Truman over war policy, MacArthur was relieved of his command of U.N. forces in Korea and returned to the U.S. for the first time since before W

28、orld War II. Given a heros welcome, he addressed a joint meeting of Congress, where he declared, Old soldiers never die, they just fade away. Richard NixonIn 1973, after five years of talks, the United States and North Vietnam reached a peace agreement to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Two years l

29、ater, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule. Ronald ReaganIn 1984, Reagan called for an international ban on chemical weapons. Six years later, President Bush and Soviet leader Gorbachev would sign a historic agreement to cease production and begin destr

30、uction of both nations sizable reserves. In 1987, during a visit to Berlin, the president made a dramatic plea to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. Two years later, Berliners would do so on their own accord. Franklin D. RooseveltThe day after Japans attack on Pearl Harbor

31、, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress, and proclaimed December 7 a date which will live in infamy. With only one dissent, Congress granted his request for an official declaration of war against Japan. Two months before his death, Roosevelt met Winston Churchill and Joseph Stali

32、n for the last time at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. The Big Three leaders discussed military considerations in the war against Germany and Japan, and compromised on their visions of the postwar world order. TitoIn 1963, Tito, the independent-minded communist leader of Yugoslavia since 1945, visited the Uni

33、ted States during a tour of the Americas. Harry TrumanThree days after the bombing of Hiroshima, President Truman warned Japan of further atomic attacks until it surrendered. When no answer came, he authorized the dropping of a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Six days later, Japan surrendered. In 19

34、49, Truman signed the North Atlantic Treaty with 10 European nations and Canada-establishing the NATO military alliance.ConfuciusConfucius, 551 B.C. 479 B.C.No other philosopher in the world has had more enduring influence than Confucius. For over two thousand years his concept of government, and hi

35、s ideas about personal conduct and morality, permeated Chinese life and culture. Even today, his thoughts remain influential.注：仔细看其中的否定比较句型，词汇的变化There was little in his childhood background to predict the remarkable prestige that Confucius eventually achieved. He was born in a small principality in

36、northeastern China, was reared in poverty, and had no formal education. Through diligent study, however, he educated himself and became a learned man. For a while he held a minor government post; but he soon resigned that position and spent most of his life as a teacher. Eventually, his most importa

37、nt teachings were gathered together into a book, The Analects, which was compiled by his disciples.注：and表示时间关系的句子，论语的说法。The two cornerstones of his system of personal conduct were Jen and Li. “Jen” might be defined as “benevolent concern for ones fellow men.” “Li” is a term less easily translated; i

38、t combines the notions of etiquette, good manners, and due concern for virtue rather than wealth (and in his personal life he seems to have acted on that principle). In addition, he was the first major philosopher to state the Golden Rule, which he phrased as “Do not do unto others that which you wo

39、uld not have them do unto you.”注：“己所不欲，勿施于人”的说法。Confucius believed that respect and obedience are owed by children to their parents, by wives to their husbands, and by subjects to their rulers. But he was never a defender of tyranny. On the contrary, the starting point of his political outlook is th

40、at the state exists for the benefit of the people, not the rulers. Another of his key political ideas is that a leader should govern primarily by moral example rather than by force.注：仔细观察这个段落的逻辑展开方式和连接词，可以模仿构造段落。Confucius did not claim to be an innovator but always said that he was merely urging a r

41、eturn to the moral standards of former times. In fact, however, the reforms which he urged represented a change fromand a great improvement overthe governmental practices of earlier days.注：仔细看破折号表示插入语的这句话。At the time of his death, Confucius was a respected, but not yet greatly influential, instructo

42、r and philosopher. Gradually, though, his ideas became widely accepted throughout China. Then, in the third century B.C., Shih Huang Ti united all of China under his rule, and decided to reform the country entirely and make a complete break with the past. Shih Huang Ti therefore decided to suppress

43、Confucian teachings, and he ordered the burning of all copies of Confucius works. (He also ordered the destruction of most other philosophical works.)注：焚书坑儒的故事Most Confucian books were indeed destroyed, but some copies survived the holocaust, and a few years later, after the dynasty founded by the “

44、First Emperor” had fallen, Confucianism re-emerged. Under the next dynasty, the Han, Confucianism became the official state philosophy, a position it maintained throughout most of the next two millennia.注：灾难的表达法，用“新名词”引出对前一句话程度的解释的表达法。Indeed, for much of that period, the civil service examinations i

45、n China were based primarily on knowledge of Confucian classics. Since those examinations were the main route by which commoners could enter the administration and achieve political power, the governing class of the largest nation on Earth was largely composed of men who had carefully studied the wo

46、rks of Confucius and absorbed his principles.注：当时的公务员考试（表达法）This enormous influence persisted until the nineteenth century, when the impact of the West created revolutionary changes in China. Then, in the twentieth century, the Communist Party seized power in China. It was their belief that, in orde

47、r both to modernize China and to eliminate economic injustice, it was necessary to make radical changes in society. As the ideas of Confucius were highly conservative, the Communists made a major effort to eradicate his influence, the first such effort since Shih Huang Ti, 22 centuries earlier.荷马(Ho

48、mer) Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are attributed to him. 参考事迹: 菏马史诗的写作，不是由一个人一朝一夕所完成，而是在漫长的岁月里，由最初口头流传的民间歌谣，经过累世行吟诗人的加工，才逐步形成的一种环绕中心事件的叙事诗。在长期的流传中，经过不断增删，修饰，到公元前九到前八世纪左右，才由盲人诗人菏马整理定型。 利用点：The people who make important contributions to s

49、ociety are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others. 亚里士多德 (Aristotle) Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, pol