大学英语讲义14-16.docx

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1、Text AThe Importance of Being Kind and PoliteNew Words带前缀单词：（手写板）1.misunderstand 错误的理解，误解enforce 强制；实施interact 互相作用；交往unacceptable 不能接受的带后缀单词：2.frankly 坦白地boring （a.）使人厌烦的，令人讨厌的bore 使某人厌烦，讨厌honestly 诚实地 honesty （n.）诚实collection （n.）收集golfer 打高尔夫球的人behavior （n.）行为 behave （v.）行动smoker 烟民user 用户employe

2、r 雇员 employee 雇佣者kindness 仁慈impression （n.）印象，感想 impress （v.）给留下印象 impressive （a.）有印象的合成词：3.guideline 指导方针cellular-phone 移动电话cellular 细胞的，有孔的walkman 随身听Cruces words 重点词汇：1. frankly speaking 坦率地说 2. a boring lecture 令人烦味的讲座For example: I was greatly impressed by his speech. 他的话深深的打动了我。 I impress on h

3、im the importance of his work. 我让他知道了他工作的重要性。impress on sb. 给某人留下印象。3. shot （n.）射击shoot （v.）射击，投4.conflict 争论，冲突，抵触5. enforce 实施，实行；强制，强迫enforce a law 实施一项法律enforce sb. to do sth. 强制某人去做某事6. rude （反义词）polite礼貌（同义词）impolite不礼貌7. bothervt. 打扰，麻烦vi. 担心，烦恼n. 烦恼，焦急For example: Tell the children to stop b

4、othering their father.告诉孩子们不要老缠着父亲。bother to do 费心去做某事For example: Dont bother to get dinner for me today I will eat out今天不要麻烦给我备饭，我准备在外面吃。For example: His lazy son is quite a bother to him.他那个懒儿子很伤他的脑筋。8. adolescent 青少年9.indifferent 冷漠的，不关心的indifference（n.）be indifferent to sb.对某人很冷漠10. disciplinen

5、. 纪律，训练；学科vt. 训练，训导；使有纪律；惩罚For example: She never disciplines her children and they are uncontrollable.她从来不管教孩子所以这些孩子都无法无天。The student were told to keep discipline in the classroom. 那些学生被告知要遵守课堂纪律。Keep discipline 遵守纪律11.individual. 个别的，单独的；独特的n. 个人，个体collective 集体的Text AThe Importance of Being Kind

6、and Polite“Frankly, I think youre boring.” Why do we seldom hear people speak so honestly? 本句翻译：“公开跟你讲，我觉得你很讨厌。”为什么我们几乎听不到人们会这样非常直来直去的讲话呢？seldom 很少，几乎不Unless you want to end a relationship, you dont tell another person what you think of her or him like this.本句翻译：除非你要终止与对方的关系，要不然你不会跟对方说出你对她或他有这种不好的想法

7、。unless （conj.）除非；如果不For example: I shall go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我将去那里。You will fail unless you work harder. 你若不更加努力，你就会失败。end （finish）结束Failing to be impressed by a friends collection of stamps, yawning when a golfer tells you about that great shot he made on the 14th hole, or falling asle

8、ep when friends show pictures from their last trip to Sault Ste. Marie are all things that educated people try not to do.本句翻译：对你的朋友集邮的成就无动于衷；当一个高尔夫球手兴兴高采烈地告诉你，他的第14穴打得很精彩时，你却在打哈欠；当你的朋友们兴致勃勃地给你看他们最近到苏圣玛丽去旅游拍下的那些照片时，你却酣然入睡了-这一切都是有教养的人所尽力避免的。三个并列的动名次短语做句子的主语failing to be impressed, yawning, falling asl

9、eepfailing to be impressed 没有记住yawning 打哈欠falling asleep 睡觉This is what manners are about: acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstanding, friction, and conflict.本句翻译：一切行动都按市民能接受的懂礼貌的方式去做，避免误会，避免磨擦，避免冲突-这才是合乎礼貌的言行举止（注：高尔夫球，海外华人称穴，国内称洞-译者注）。manners 行为方式in way 以某种方式There are no laws enforcing res

10、pect. 本句翻译：根本就没有强迫你来尊敬别人的那种法律。Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior, rules that are set by some form of social consensus. 本句翻译： 可是，如果没有一定的道德行为的准则，人们互相间就无法交往了。这些准则是以社会上一致赞成的公德的形式确定下来的。interact with others 彼此交流，彼此交往without some rules 相当于一个条件状语从句的否定式These guidelines represen

11、t what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable.本句翻译： 这些道德行为准则代表着大多数人所能接受的和他们认为所不能接受的做法。Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow. 本句翻译：那些行为举止根本不尊重大多数人所遵守的规则的人都是粗野的人。Show respect for 对表示出尊重follow 遵守，遵循For inst

12、ance, because they talk at home while the television is on, many people think they can talk at movies as well. 本句翻译：例如，因为许多人在自己家里一边看电视一边高谈阔论，他们就认为在电影院看电影时也可以高声喧哗。for instance: for example 例如on: go on 进行They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience.本句翻译：他们甚至没意识

13、到，这种习惯会使其他一些电影观众感到讨厌。be aware that:意识到members of the audience 观众member 成员Restaurants have smoking and non-smoking sections, and most smokers are polite enough to ask, “Do you mind if I smoke?” before lighting up.本句翻译：饭店里都设有吸烟室和非吸烟区，大多数烟民在没点着香烟之前，都会很有礼貌的问一声在旁边就座的人：“我吸烟的话，您介意吗？”non- 没有，无before lightin

14、g up 点燃Restaurants should also have cellular-phone and no-cellular-phone sections.本句翻译：饭店里本来也都应该设有手提电话区和非手提电话区。A new class of rude people has been born: the look-at-me phone users whose boring conversations are just as dangerous to our mental health as smoke is to our lungs.本句翻译：现在又冒出来一群新的粗野人，即看我有多神

15、气地打着手提电话的一族。这些人在电话上的那些无聊的谈话，对我们心理健康的危害，和吸烟对我们的肺部健康的危害是同样严重的。class 阶层，群体look-at-me 看看我Sometimes, it is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you.本句翻译：有时，做一个默默无闻的人倒比让人恨你、讨厌你更好一些。There are many children and adolescents whose behavior is generally unacceptable.本句翻译：有很多人家的子女和一些小青年的行为是一般人所不能接受

16、的。They swear no matter who is around them, they listen to their Walkmans while the teacher is talking to them.本句翻译：他们动不动就开口骂人，也不管旁边有什么人在场。在教师同他们谈话时，他们还在听他们的随身听所播放的节目。no matter不管/不论（后可跟who, when, where, how 等疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句）For example: No matter who you are, you should follow the guideline. 不管你是谁，你都应

17、当遵守这个规则。I am bound to work out the problem no matter how difficult it is. 不管这个问题有多难，我一定要把它解决掉。Indifferent parents who refuse to discipline their children are not helping them.本句翻译：凡是那些不能用行为道德准则来约束自己的孩子，对孩子的品德漠不关心的父母，其实并不是在爱护孩子，对孩子的成长没好处。discipline: punish 惩罚Kids who have no idea what being polite me

18、ans will pay the price sooner or later.本句翻译：凡是不懂礼貌为何物的孩子，是迟早要为此付出代价的。kid 小孩子have no idea: dont know 不知道For example: He has no idea what his future will be. 他不知道自己的未来是个什么样子。pay the price 付出代价For example: You will pay the price for what you have done. 你要为你所做的事情付出代价。sooner or later 迟早For example: If yo

19、u drive like that, you will have an accident sooner or later. 你如果那样开车，迟早会出事的。When they join the work force, their employers and associates alike will soon realize that the behavior of these rude young people is closer to that of animals than civilized individuals.本句翻译：在他们参加工作以后，他们的雇主和在工作中与之打交道的那些人都会

20、一致意识到这些粗野的青年人的所作所为都和野兽的行为很接近，而不像规规矩矩的市民。associate: colleague 同事close (to) （adv.）接近于，靠近When they lose a few contracts because they talk with their mouth full, or when they say “Bob” to someone who should be “Mr.Johnson,” these grown-up kids, because of their ignorance, will never understand why other

21、s are getting ahead and they are not.本句翻译：当这些已经变成了成人的大小伙子，因为跟领导谈话时嘴里还嚼着食物，或者因为他们没大没小，把本应尊称为“约翰逊先生”的人，随便直呼其名为“鲍博”，这样几次被解除了合同之后，他们永远也不能理解为什么别人都跑到自己前头飞黄腾达，而自己却不能。they talk with 该句型结构为：with +（n.）+（a.）构成的独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随。（名词后除可用形容词外，还可用分词、介词短语和副词。）For example: He likes sleeping with his eyes open. 他喜欢睁

22、着眼睛睡觉。I wont be able to study abroad with my mothers being ill. 在我母亲生病的情况下我不能出国留学。He worked with the radio opened all the afternoon. 他一下午都听着收音机工作。He was looking on with his hands in his pockets. 他把手插在口袋里在一旁观看。即：袖手旁观。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他穿着所有的衣服躺在床上。即：和衣而卧。because of （介词短

23、语）= because （连词）For example: The football match was cancelled because of rain. 由于下雨足球比赛被取消了。The football match was cancelled because it rained.get ahead 有进展；有进步；取得成功For example: Im happy to hear that you are getting ahead with your new work. 听说你的新工作取得进展，我很高兴。grown-up 长大了的孩子Every little bit of kindne

24、ss helps. 本句翻译：每当你表现出一点点和蔼可亲都会很有帮助。little bit of 一点点With manners, the best rule is the one that works.本句翻译：至于说有礼貌，最好的一条原则就是能办成事，能起好作用。work （v.）起作用，产生影响，行得通For example: The medicine worked. 药物奏效了。It is easier to look and sound attractive when we are nice to other people.本句翻译：当我们对待别人很友善，那么就比较容易地让人愿意接近

25、你，愿意听你的话。be nice to sb. : be kind to sb. Being polite and showing respect can give us an edge. 本句翻译：待人彬彬有礼，事事尊敬别人就能使我们占优势。give sb. an/the edge 比略胜一筹，领先For example: He has the edge on the other students because he studies harder. 他比别的学生强，因为他学习更努力。Why do we need an edge? Success in life often starts w

26、ith a job we like, and since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression, it is always a good idea to be kind and polite.本句翻译：我们要占优势干什么？一个人一生事业的成功经常是始于我们所喜欢的工作，而要得到自己所喜欢的工作，经常要靠给人留下良好的印象。待人和蔼可亲彬彬有礼总是上策。edge: advantage 优势start with: begin with 由开始since 由于be base of 以为基础make a impres

27、sion 留下印象makes the right impression （right 好的，正常的）Vocabulary Exercises.For each sentence, fill in the blank with the proper form or the words given at the beginning. Please pay attention to the part of speech of each word.1. honest （诚实的） honesty（诚实） honestly（诚实地）a. （Honesty） is the best policy.本句翻译：

28、诚实是最重要的原则。b. I didnt tell anyone, （honestly）, I didnt.本句翻译：我没有告诉任何人，坦白的说，我真的没有。c. To be (honest) with you, he often speaks evil of you behind your back.本句翻译：实话对你说，他经常在你的背后说你的坏话。2. understand （理解，明白） misunderstand（误解） misunderstanding（误解）a. I cannot （understand） why he shows no respect for the rules

29、the majority follows.本句翻译：我不明白为什么他对于大多数人所遵守的那个规则从来都不尊重。b. We should do everything possible to clear up the many （misunderstandings） between us.本句翻译：我们应当尽一切可能来清除我们之间的误解。c. He is not happy because his wife always （misunderstands） him.本句翻译：他过的并不开心因为他的夫人经常会误解他。3. accept（接受） acceptable（能接受的） unacceptable

30、（不能接受的）a. She received a gift from him, but she didnt （accept） it.本句翻译：她收到男孩子给她的一份礼物，但是她没有接受这份礼物。b. He is angry with her because her words are totally （unacceptable）.本句翻译：男孩对于女孩非常愤怒，因为女孩所说的话令他完全不能接受。c. If you think the plan is （acceptable）, you should do it according to the plan right now.本句翻译：如果你认为

31、这个计划是可行的，那么你就应当马上根据这个计划去实施。right now 立刻，马上4. different （不同的） difference（不同） indifferent（冷漠的，不关心的）a. Im （indifferent） to whether you go or stay. To be honest with you, I dont care.本句翻译：我对于你去还是留根本就不关心。老实对你说吧，我不在乎。care 在意，在乎b. There are big （differences） between the two languages.本句翻译：在这两种语言之间有很大的区别。c.

32、 She is wearing a （different） dress every time I see her.本句翻译：每次我见到她，她都穿着不同的服装。every time 每一次5. employ （雇佣） employer（雇主） employment（职业，工作） employee（雇员）a. The factory is going to （employ） 20 more workers.本句翻译：这家工厂准备再雇用20名工人。b. He left his hometown to look for （employment） in a big city.本句翻译：他离开家乡到大城市

33、去寻求工作。c. She has been working for the same （employer） for 20 years.本句翻译：她已经为这个雇主工作了20年。d. The total number of office （employees） almost doubled.本句翻译：这家公司总的员工的数目几乎已经翻一倍。. Fill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper forms.1. He told me he didnt like that （boring） job.本句翻译：

34、他告诉我说他不喜欢那份乏味的工作。2. Well need a few （guidelines） before we start this project.本句翻译：在没开始这个项目之前我们需要有一些规则。3. It is a great （kindness） for you to see me while I am sick.本句翻译：我生病的时候你来看我，你真是太好了。 It is greatly kind of you to see me while I am sick.for sb. to do 对于某人来说做某事4. Dont （bother） you father, he is b

35、usy at working .本句翻译：不要打扰你的父亲，他在忙于工作。5. The old man told her how to get there although she wasnt very （polite） to him.be polite to sb. 对某人彬彬有礼本句翻译：虽然这个女孩对老人不是太有礼貌，但是老人仍然告诉她如何到达那里。6. （Frankly） speaking, I dont think the plan will work.本句翻译：坦率地说，我觉得那个计划行不通。7. His speech left a deep （impression） on us.

36、Leave/make an impression on sb. 给某人留下印象本句翻译：他的讲话给我们留下了很深的印象。8. I （swear） that I will tell you everything some day.本句翻译：我发誓有一天我会把一切事情都告诉你。9. Everyone praises the childrens good （behavior）.本句翻译：每个人都表扬了孩子的良好行为。10. Its （rude） to point at people when you are talking with them.point at sb. 指着本句翻译：当你和其他人谈话

37、的时候你去指着别人这是不礼貌的。Text BWhy We Walk in CirclesNew Words带有前缀单词：（手写板）1.uneven（a.）不平坦的，不均匀的2.performer 执行者，表演者 biologist biology（原形）生物学家circular circle（圆，圈子）圆形的，循环的investigate（v.）调查investigation （n.）调查rower 划船的人foggy （a.）有雾的fog （n.）雾identical （a.）相同的identify （v.）认出，识别出evenly （ad.）均匀的，平坦的mystery（n.）神秘 mys

38、terious （a.）神秘的3.blindfold 蒙住，遮住well-known 非常出名的snowstorm 暴风雪Text BWhy We Walk in Circlesin 以什么样的方式“Pin the Tail on the Donkey” is always fun when youre watching rather than pinning.本句翻译：观看别人做“去把尾巴给毛驴安上”的游戏，比自己亲自去做更逗人。pin （v.）用图钉钉rather than 而不是donkey 驴as stubborn as donkeyIt is somewhat surprising

39、to see how the blindfolded performers act.本句翻译：看到了被蒙住眼睛的参加游戏表演的人所走的路线着实有点儿让人吃惊。somewhat 有一点儿1. It is +（a.）+（for sb.） to do For example: It is difficult to have a good job if you dont study hard to create opportunities.如果你不努力学习创造机会的话，有一份好的工作是很难的。Instead of going straight, they always wander off to on

40、e side or the other. The greater the distance to the donkey, the farther they go astray. 本句翻译：他们都不走直线，总是要由一边偏离到另一边。参加游戏比赛的人距离毛驴越远，他们偏离目标毛驴也越远。2. instead of /insteadwander off 徘徊，游离Have you ever wondered why they are unable to walk straight ahead?本句翻译：你有没有想过为什么他们不能够径直向前行呢？wonder 迷惑，疑惑It is a well-kno

41、wn fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.本句翻译：一个人若不用眼睛来掌握走路的方向，就会走成一个大圈。这一事实是众所周知的。Dark nights, dense fogs, blinding snowstorms, thick forests - all these can keep a traveler from seeing where he is going.本句翻译：每遇到漆黑的夜晚，浓浓的大雾，伸手不见五指的暴风雪，浓密森林-这一切

42、都会使路上的行人看不见是在往哪个方向走。thick forests 茂密的森林3. keep from 阻止，防止，阻碍protect from prevent from其中的“from”多有“使不能”的意思（1）keep sb from sth/doing使某人不能做某事（2）keep oneself from doing克制自己不要去做某事For example: The church bells keep me from sleeping. 教堂的钟声吵得我睡不着觉。She could hardly keep （herself） from laughing. 她忍不住大笑起来。Then

43、he is unable to move in any fixed direction, but walks in circles.本句翻译：这时他就不能按既定的目标前进，只能走成一个大圆圈。4. indirection 朝方向Animals act the same way. 本句翻译：动物也会这样。fixed固定的，既定了的You have probably heard the saying “running around like a chicken with its head cut off.”本句翻译：你也许听过这样一句老话：“像砍掉脑袋的鸡一样转着圈跑。”with +（n.）+V的

44、过去分词构成的独立结构，在句中作状语。Well, a chicken with its head cut off actually does run around in circles. Blind birds fly in circles. And a blindfolded dog will swim in circles.本句翻译：是的，一只被砍掉了脑袋的鸡确实会转着圈跑的。瞎了眼睛的鸟也都是转着圈飞的。一双被蒙住了眼睛的狗也会转着大圈游泳。A Norwegian biologist, F.O.Guldberg, decided that this problem of circular

45、 movement was worth investigating. He collected many true stories on the subject.本句翻译：一位挪威的生物学家哥尔柏格认为绕圈运动的问题确实值得调查研究。关于这一课题他汇集了很多实际事例。worth 值得be worth doing 值得做某事For example: The textbook is worth reading again and again. 课本值得一读再读。On the subject ：on关于5. be worth + v.ingOne of his stories is about people rowing on a lake during a fog on a dark night.本句翻译：他汇集的实例之一就是在一个浓雾黑夜里，人们在湖面上划船。during 在一段时间里One group of r