On the pragmatic analysis of English verbal humor英语论文.doc

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1、On the pragmatic analysis of English verbal humor The so-called language humor, from the variation of language and create humor. The language is humorous atmosphere to success in the discourse of the dynamic show, the most fundamental source Yu Qichao conventional language structures, namely in the

2、dialectical logic under the constraints of linguistics, philology, breakthrough, vocabulary, grammar and logic in the form of the common law, the declension of language material, resulting in not literally the comprehension of discourse. Verbal humor is to be effective, is the key to the language of

3、 conventional usage breakthrough. Analysis of verbal humor from the perspective of rhetoric alone is not enough, this article with the aid of pragmatic theories, from deixis, pragmatic presupposition, speech act theory, the theory of conversational implicature, relevance theory etc to analysis of En

4、glish verbal humor.1.Deixis and English verbal humor Deixis refers to the speech activity, especially in a speaker and listener participation of at least one of the typical language. In communicative activities, for the participants talked about people, things, events, processes such as action to ma

5、ke the exact understanding to them and certain contextual elements linked to this phenomenon.Deixis is the language and the use of specific language context of close relationships in language system in reflection. Pragmatic deixis in divided into personal deixis, time indicator, indication, textual

6、instructions and social deixis. Deixis used properly, but the indication information clearly, such as improper use or context is unknown, will make the language project refers to the relationship between semantic ambiguity, thus becoming incomprehensible, even leads to contradictions and misundersta

7、ndings. Everyday humour is that people use language to this feature made. The following passage because of the wrong person deixis has led to the creation of humor. Nurse:Now lets take off our clothes and see how much we weigh. Little boy:You go ahead.t dont want to. In this dialogue,the nurse usele

8、ts our we.These personal deixis, its purpose is to want to express language each other close, equal, thereby allowing the child to her and trust. However the child no real understanding of the pragmatic meanings, which led to the creation of humor.2. Pragmatic presupposition and English humor Presup

9、position is a pragmatic inference. It to the actual language structural meaning as the basis, relying on the concept of logical, semantic, context and infer discourse prerequisites. Presupposition is generally not performed in the literal sense, but contains the sentence meaning. Presupposition is a

10、n important feature of the fit, the so-called right refers to design and context closely. Default context or words with certain factors affect and change. Presupposition is the prerequisite of speech acts, when the speaker presupposition false words, obviously is the speaker in order to achieve norm

11、al communication outside of a special purpose, it is also obtained by means of a humorous effect. Boss:If you are going to work here,young man,one thing you must learn is that we are very keen on cleanness in this firm.Did you wipe your feet on that mat as you came in? Interviewee:Oh,yes.Sir. Boss:A

12、nd another thing we are very keen on is truthfulness.There is no mat. In this humorous, boss of the discourse presupposition is a door mat, but actually not. He say and preset discrepancies in the discourse is to test whether the person honest. The results of the candidates in a trap, exposing her d

13、ishonesty, one can imagine the work is certainly no hope.3. Speech act theory and English verbal humor Speech act theory points out, people are talking not only in words, but also in the completion of certain behavior. J.Austin thinks, people are talking, at the same time the implementation of the t

14、hree act:locutionary act、illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act refers to speak the act itself. This behavior does not in itself constitute a language, but in the implementation of this act, usually the speaker at the same time implemented a words and behavior, and sometimes also

15、 implemented a perlocutionary act. An illocutionary act is the talk this action by the implementation of an act. The people through the words that can do many things, to achieve a variety of purposes, such as the transmission of information, issue orders, greetings, intimidation, illocutionary act i

16、s often placed on the locutionary act. Perlocutionary act refers to the consequences, namely the speakers discourse on the listeners thoughts, feelings and behaviors have some kind of influence and effect.In addition, the speech act theory needs the two communicative sides at the same time with the

17、linguistic competence and pragmatic competence, only in this way can the effective communication to send and receive messages, to ensure the successful communication. If the two ability is an ability, especially pragmatic ability does not follow to go up, such understanding will appear deviation, in

18、formation transfer is also blocked or aliasing. Many humor is the speaker intentionally or unintentionally made use of this information exchange is not smooth and the. Now,Mr.Blacksaid a temperance advocate to candidate for municipal honors.I want to ask you a question.Do you ever take alcoholic dri

19、nks? Before I answer the question.responded the wary candidate,I want to know whether it is put as an inquiry or as an invitation. On the speech act theory to analyze the question, pointed out the primary candidates for the person asking the question can have two different kinds of illocutionary act

20、s, namely through the problem about and implement the invitation. In addition, the perlocutionary act can be directly and illocutionary act together, also can not directly contact the illocutionary act but by the locutionary act decided The bank robber shoved a note to the teller that said.Put the m

21、oney in the bag,sucker,and dont move!The teller read the note,added a message and shoved it back.Her message:Straight your tie,sucker,they are taking your picture. The robber fled away immediately. Due to special dialogue context, pass only through the way. Female cashiers answer is a statement form

22、 was completed within the language behavior, actually indirectly the amount of threat warning the locutionary act, which results in a listener who had a deterrent perlocutionary act.4. Conversational implicature theory and English verbal humor H.D.Crice conversational implicature theory points out t

23、hat, in order to ensure the smooth session session, both sides should abide by a series of cooperative principle. Once one party violates a rule, communication is bound to be affected, sometimes misleading, sometimes humorous. When the session is the other party aware of each others words did not co

24、mply with the principles of cooperation, he ll feel compelled to cross over each other to try to grasp what the discourse surface meaning of the speakers utterance deep meaning, seek the speaker where embodies the principles of cooperation, and then a conversational implicature.Conversational implic

25、ature is divided into two categories: General conversational meaning and special conversational meaning. General conversational meaning refers to follow the cooperative principle, meaning, and special conversational meaning intends to violate the cooperative principle in a standard, in the context o

26、f a specific derived meaning, humor is belong to the latter. In the actual communication, not all violations of conversational maxims speech for communication useless, sometimes the speaker in some kind of consideration does not directly express their real meaning. But deliberately tell outwardly ag

27、ainst the standard discourse. A:How do you find Johns thesis? B:Oh,it was a good typewriter that he used. On the surface of A.B two does not mean big contact, B answer violates the relation criterion, produced special conversational implicature, namely Jones thesis is not well written. In view of th

28、is, in the English humorous dialogue, answer often intentionally or unintentionally violate cooperative principle, conversational implicature is special, so as to give the person making some barrier to understanding. Therefore one must have a keen observation, according to the specific context and s

29、hared knowledge and inference, in associate, comprehend answer the overtones, so as to understand the humor of, otherwise, it may lead to misunderstandings.5. Relevance theory and English verbal humor Relevance theory is the Sperber and Wilson proposed a theory of discourse understanding. They think

30、 that people in the cognitive process is to comply with the principle of relevance. Wilson points out, the principle of relevance is each utterance ( or other public communication ) have an expectation of relevance. That people only to those who are associated with the phenomenon of attention to inf

31、ormation processing. From the perspective of discourse understanding, it can make the listener from the speakers utterance, combined with the context, to make related understanding. Judge whether the fundamental basis of discourse relevance is new information and existing cognitive hypothesis which

32、form the context interaction.Sperber&Wilson thinks that they can be three components; ( 1) the new information and have the information context assumption of integration, to produce new contextual meaning. ( 2) with new information to strengthen the existing context assumption. ( 3) the new informat

33、ion and existing hypotheses contradict each other, and the exclusion of the contextual assumptions. In addition, Sperber&Wilson is also linked to undertake quantifying handling. They think that, relational context effects and processing effort between function, it and contextual effects and processi

34、ng effort is proportional, inversely proportional to. Under the same conditions, the greater the effect of context, relevance: processing the greater the smaller efforts, the greater relevance. In a humorous conversation process of understanding, relevance theory has very powerful explanation force.

35、 In a humorous conversation, speakers in the discourse contains new information and the hearer in the context of conflicting or exclusion hypothesis. From the perspective of relevance, the speaker discourse context effect is relatively small, need the hearer processing effort is relatively large, so

36、 the association of small. It is because of correlation is small, which makes quips generation exceeding ones expectations, so as to produce a humorous effect. Woman:I have found for several times my son and the neighbors little girl comparing their secrets with their pants off.Can you explain this

37、for me? Doctor:Dont worry too much about this.Children like to compare things. Woman:But my sons wife and I cant bear it! Her first words to the doctor is new information, the doctors answer that he has been hypothesized as her son is a child, so the doctor from the new information sets out, combine

38、 their existing hypotheses, to new information to make treatment, throat answer, that her son s condition belongs to normal. From a doctor to discourse understanding perspective, he thinks that his answer is optimal relevance product. Only by doing so, their only minimal processing effort. And the w

39、oman behind the answer is negative the doctor has hypothesis. Physician reasoning premise mistake resulted in the reasoning error. The doctor appears reasoning error, main reason is woman given information is insufficient to make the doctor to make the correct reasoning. This erroneous reasoning sur

40、face rationality, as well as the complement of the hearer and speaker of the pragmatic presupposition to inconsistent is a source of humor lies. 生命列车The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅

41、途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，

42、继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想：到我该下车的时候，我会留恋吗？我想我还是会的

43、。和我的朋友分离，我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行，我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站，我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么行李，如果我能在他们的行囊中留下美好的回忆，我会感到幸福。20. 我下车后，和我同行的旅客都还能记得我，想念我，我将感到快慰。21. 献给你, 我生命列车上的同行者, 祝您旅途愉快!1. Not long ago, I read a book, in which a mans life was compared to a journey.2. The life of a man is just like a hitchhiking，during

44、 which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement，while some heart-breaking sorrows. 3. When first embraced the world，we are already on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first two persons, our parents, whom

45、 we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly，things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a certain station，leaving us, bereft and helpless.Their love and emotion to us and their irreplaceable company can be found in nowhere.5. However，there will be som

46、ebody else who will get on the train. Some of them will have special meaning to us.6. Some of them may be our siblings , relatives and friends, and we will also expereince the imperishable love.7. Some of our travelling companions are quite light-hearted on the way.8. While some may bear immense sor

47、row.Still some ,back and forth, are ready to hold out their hands for others who need help.9. Some people alight off the train, yet they are still kept in the mind of the other passengers for long;some, to the opposite, leave their seats without being noticed.10. Sometimes, the one,who is dear to yo

48、ur heart, has huddled into another carriage. Nothing but one you can do is just to keep on going, far away from him.11. Of course, during the journey, you may stagger to another carriage to look for him.12. Its a pity that you will never seat yourself beside him because the seat has been engaged by others. 13. Never mind. The journey is full of challenges,dreams, hopes and departures- but only one thing is that you cant turn back. So, have a good journey with heart and soul.14. Show your good-will to all the passengers you are encountered with, and find the merits