《英语修辞学》第七章ppt课件.ppt

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1、English Rhetoric Chapter Seven Phonetic Figures of SpeechPage 27.1 Introduction7.2 Alliteration（押头韵）（押头韵）7.3 Assonance（押元音韵）（押元音韵）7.4 Consonance（押辅音韵）（押辅音韵）7.5 Onomatopoeia（拟声）（拟声）7.6 Aposiopesi（话语中断法）（话语中断法）7.7 Apostrophe（呼语）（呼语）7.8 Pun（双关）（双关）Contents of This ChapterPage 37.1 Introduction (1) All

2、languages have sound. Orators in ancient times knew how to use the sounds of their language for maximum rhetorical effect, and classical rhetoric had a number of sound devices based on the “echoing” or the rhyming of sounds. Modern English has inherited some of these devices. These devices are also

3、called phonetic figures of speech.(2) A good knowledge of some English phonetic figures of speech is helpful not only to students of EFL as writers, but also as readers of English articles. (3) The basic features of English sounds:u English sounds are classified phonetically into vowels and consonan

4、ts, and the pronunciation of words is done by combinations of vowels and consonants. The vowels and consonants not only have phonetic qualities, but also have some sensory qualities, which suggest certain impressions.Page 4For example:1) The short, lax, spread vowel /i/ is supposed to convey bright,

5、 light, fleet, happy impression, as in: Spring, the sweet Spring, is the years pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing. (T. Nash: “Spring”)2) The sounds /:/ and /o/ are considered more pleasant to the ears, as for example in “d

6、oll”, “holiday”, “lark(嬉戏嬉戏, 玩乐玩乐)”, “dance”, “hearty”, etc.3) Most people feel that the consonants /k/, /g/ and their clusters /kl/, /kr/, /gl/, /gr/ are suggestive of unpleasantness or ugliness, as in “kick”, “kill”, “clack(唠叨，喋喋不休唠叨，喋喋不休)”, “crack”, “groan”, “glut(暴食：过暴食：过量地吃或过度耽溺于，沉湎于量地吃或过度耽溺于，沉

7、湎于)”, “haggle(讨价还价，争论不休讨价还价，争论不休)”, “anger”, etc.Page 5 7.2 Alliteration （押头韵）（押头韵）(1)Definition: The word alliteration derives from Latin, meaning “repeating and playing upon the same letter”. Therefore, alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant in two or more words. It is a very old rhet

8、orical device, and the first figures of speech adopted in English.(2) Applicable areas: In Poetry In prose In newspaper headings In proverbs In tongue twisters In advertisements and slogansPage 6E.g. (1) In prose Next to health, heart, home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile

9、. We should not demean贬低贬低 our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.(Al Gore) 我们不可用消解、拒绝和绝望的托辞贬屈我们的民主。 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden. (John F. Kennedy)(2) Newspaper headlines: Bread Not Bombs Cut Crime

10、with Jobs-Not Jails Battle for Balanced Budget对于好动的美国人来说，幸福不仅取决于健康、爱情、舒适和温暖的家庭，还取决于汽车。Page 7 (3) Proverbs Time and tide wait for no man. Many a man, many a mind. Spare the rod, spoil the child. Death pays all debts.(4) In tongue twister Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper. She sells sea-shel

11、ls on the sea-shore. Cut Costs Without Cutting Corners. (advertising for cars)人多心不齐。人多心不齐。不教不成材；不打不成器不教不成材；不打不成器一死百了一死百了 时不我待时不我待 ；机遇不可错过；机遇不可错过 Page 8(5) In advertisements and slogans标语标语 Vitamins for Vim and Vigor (advertising for vitamins) Sea, Sun, Sand, Seclusion -and Spain! (advertising for sp

12、anish seashore scenic pots.)Page 9(3) Advantages:u As a figure of speech, it is good for sound rhyme, musical effect and significant emphasis. For example, 1) The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. 2) Bye, Bye, Bal

13、anced Budget 3) Gunk Grounds the Second ShuttleAlliteration is a great help to memory. By highlighting the sounds of words, alliteration catches the attention of the audience and makes the idea impressed deeply on the audience and thus easier for them to remember. For example, Page 10E.g. Penny wise

14、, pound foolish. 小处精明, 大处浪费; 小事聪明, 大事糊涂 Practice makes perfect. 四川人有句俗语非常好，把天上飞的，地上跑的，水里游的叫做四川人有句俗语非常好，把天上飞的，地上跑的，水里游的叫做“陆空陆空”，翻译成英语应该叫翻译成英语应该叫“feather，feet or fin”，就长羽毛的、长脚的，还有长鳍，就长羽毛的、长脚的，还有长鳍的。的。 Far fowls have fair feathers. （远处的鸟羽毛更美丽）（远处的鸟羽毛更美丽）“远来的和远来的和尚会念经尚会念经”。说某人。说某人“面善心恶面善心恶”，英语是，英语是A fai

15、r face hides a foul heart;说说“酒后说胡话酒后说胡话”，英语是，英语是When wine sinks, words swim; 现在许多人择偶条件中有一条，要求对象既有现在许多人择偶条件中有一条，要求对象既有“才才”，还要有，还要有“趣趣”，有，有“才才”有有“趣趣”用英语表达就可以用上头韵技巧：用英语表达就可以用上头韵技巧：“a man of wisdom and wit”。如果遇上。如果遇上a man of wisdom and wit，可要错过机会，嫁给他做，可要错过机会，嫁给他做wife吧。吧。 More Examples:Page 11在翻译中，恰如其分地运

16、用押头韵的手法可以使译文增色不少。在上海世在翻译中，恰如其分地运用押头韵的手法可以使译文增色不少。在上海世博会的申办报告中，原文有博会的申办报告中，原文有“上海迅速发展成为一个上海迅速发展成为一个充满生机和希望充满生机和希望的城的城市市”，我们把它翻译为：，我们把它翻译为：“Shanghai has been developing rapidly into a city full of vigor and vitality and showing a great promise.”其其中，中，“充满生机充满生机”的译文的译文 full of vigor and vitality 就是了押头韵的

17、技巧。就是了押头韵的技巧。 Page 12例如：例如：The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection. (Lexus automobile) 译文：追求完美，近乎苛求；凌志轿车，永不停歇！译文：追求完美，近乎苛求；凌志轿车，永不停歇！ 这是这是Lexus牌牌汽车汽车广告，其基本含义为广告，其基本含义为“近乎苛求地追求完美近乎苛求地追求完美”。这则广告。这则广告一组押头韵词语是围绕一组押头韵词语是围绕/P/这个辅音展开的：这个辅音展开的：Pursuit和和Perfection. Pursuit和和Perfection都属该语篇的核心词汇，所构成的押头韵使整个语篇显得富有

18、韵律和都属该语篇的核心词汇，所构成的押头韵使整个语篇显得富有韵律和节奏感。汉语译文采用了四字格形式的排比结构，由两部分构成：第一部分描节奏感。汉语译文采用了四字格形式的排比结构，由两部分构成：第一部分描述了源语语篇核心词汇所含的主要概念意义述了源语语篇核心词汇所含的主要概念意义“追求完美追求完美”，和源语语篇副词所，和源语语篇副词所含的概念意义含的概念意义“近乎苛求近乎苛求”；第二部分首先写出商品品牌，在品牌；第二部分首先写出商品品牌，在品牌 “凌志轿车凌志轿车”后加了后加了“永不停歇永不停歇”，以表示汽车制造者的决心和志向。四个并列的四字词语，以表示汽车制造者的决心和志向。四个并列的四字词语

19、，使译文语言显得明快流畅，节奏优美和谐。使译文语言显得明快流畅，节奏优美和谐。 Page 13某扫描仪广告某扫描仪广告: Slim，stylish，silver. 译文译文1：银色线条显精简，时尚光辉在闪现：银色线条显精简，时尚光辉在闪现译文译文2：外显精简之美，内藏时尚韵味。：外显精简之美，内藏时尚韵味。 这则广告语篇属于描述体语篇体裁，由三个关系过程小句的这则广告语篇属于描述体语篇体裁，由三个关系过程小句的省略形式构成。三个用来描述这种扫描仪器特点的形容词都以辅省略形式构成。三个用来描述这种扫描仪器特点的形容词都以辅音音/s/开头，构成押头韵修辞，语言简洁工整，令人倍感时尚。开头，构成押头

20、韵修辞，语言简洁工整，令人倍感时尚。 Page 14(4) However, alliteration, used to excess, can be laughable and harmful to the conveyance of thought.E.g. 1) a. Perhaps his puny profits pose no persistently serious problem. 2) b. It is unlikely that his small profits will become a serious difficulty.Page 157.3 Assonance （

21、押元音韵）（押元音韵）(1) Definition: Assonance is the repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, preceded and followed by different consonants. For example, “late and make”, “fish and chip”, “a deep green stream”, “a hot copper sky”, “children just let loose fr

22、om school”, etc.(2) Applicable areas:u Assonance is often used in poetic language to create musical rhythm for a particular effect of euphony. For example, I shall never see her more where the reeds and rushes quiver, Shiver, quiver; Stand beside the sobbing river, Sobbing, throbbing, in the falling

23、 To the sandy lonesome shore. (Jean Ingelow: The High Tide on the Cost of Lincolnshire (1571)Page 16u Assonance is not only used in poetry but also used in prose, speech, advertising, news report, etc. E.g. Everyone will tell you that during the 1980s the mood of Britain changed. Now everything is l

24、eaner and meaner, cleaner and keener. Concrete gives way to glass, sex gives way to money.(Malcolm Bradbury, The New York Times Magazine, Dec. 11, 1988)u Assonance is even more common in proverbs.E.g. Spend a dime, save you time. Haste makes waste. Great boast, small roast. Creditors had better memo

25、ries than debtors.欲速则不达欲速则不达 说得天花乱坠，成事微乎其微。说得天花乱坠，成事微乎其微。债主的记性比债户强。债主的记性比债户强。 Page 177.4 Consonance （押辅音韵）（押辅音韵）(1) Definition: Consonance refers to the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different. For example, sing-rang, won-ran, dash-fish, laugh-tough, add

26、-read, odds and ends, first and last, a stroke of luck, last but not least, etc. (2) Applicable areas:u Consonance is often employed in poetry.u Consonance is also commonly used in prose, slogans and newspaper headings.E.g. Women: Dont Agonize, Organize Farms Not Arms When I lent I was a friend, whe

27、n I asked I was unkind.Page 18With how sad steps, O moon Philip SydneyWith how sad steps, O Moon, thou climbst the skies! How silently, and with how wan a face! What, may it be that een in heavenly place That busy archer his sharp arrows tries!Sure, if that long-with-love-acquainted eyes Can judge o

28、f love, thou feelst a lovers case, I read it in thy looks; thy languishd grace, To me, that feel the like, thy state descries.Then, een of fellowship, O Moon, tell me, Page 19Is constant love deemd there but want of wit? Are beauties there as proud as here they be? Do they above love to be loved, an

29、d yet Those lovers scorn whom that love doth possess? Do they call virtue, there, ungratefulness?Page 20月啊，你用悲哀的步伐月啊，你用悲哀的步伐-菲利普菲利普锡德尼锡德尼 多么悲哀的脚步啊，月亮，你爬上天空多么悲哀的脚步啊，月亮，你爬上天空一张苍白的脸颊，多么寂寞。一张苍白的脸颊，多么寂寞。莫非是那忙碌的小爱神莫非是那忙碌的小爱神在天上玩弄着他的弓箭？在天上玩弄着他的弓箭？如果相思瞒不过久已苦于相思的眼睛，如果相思瞒不过久已苦于相思的眼睛，那么我敢说，你也处在恋爱的心情，那么我敢说，你也处在

30、恋爱的心情，你那憔悴的美丽让我明白了一切你那憔悴的美丽让我明白了一切我们在深深爱着。我们在深深爱着。同在相思中的月亮啊，你能告诉我吗，同在相思中的月亮啊，你能告诉我吗，矢志的爱情在天界是否被看作不智？矢志的爱情在天界是否被看作不智？那里的女子是否也这般傲慢？那里的女子是否也这般傲慢？是否喜欢被爱，而又是否喜欢被爱，而又轻蔑真爱着她的人？轻蔑真爱着她的人？在天界，是否负心被称作美德？在天界，是否负心被称作美德？ 注：菲利普悉尼(Philip Sidney 15541586)英国诗人 与月亮谈心,和天神对话,借以发爱情之遐想、述思辨的哲理。 Page 217.5 Onomatopoeia(1)De

31、finition: Onomatopoeia is a term used to describe the phenomenon of language sounding like the thing it refers to. For example, moo, meow, bow-bow, hiss, roar and baa are respectively imitative of the cries or calls of cows, cats, dogs, snakes, lions and sheep. In the same way, trains toot, doors ba

32、ng, windows rattle, fire crackles, machines clang, and racing cars go vroom-vroom, etc. (2) Applicable areas:Onomatopoeia is very common in verse and fairly common in prose and literatures at all times. Page 22(3) Advantages: Onomatopoeia helps make description lifelike. It is often used for the pur

33、pose of adding vividness or vitality to the description. For example, in each pair of the following sentences, sentence b is more vivid and more lifelike than sentence a:1) a. The stream flows through the woods. b. The stream murmurs through the woods.2) a. Dasi started laughing. b. Dasi started gig

34、gling.3) a. The door was pushed open. b. The door banged open.4) a. Heavy rain drops fell on the tent. b. Heavy rain drops began pitter-pattering on the tent.Page 23(4) Classification:According to the sound-maker, onomatopoeia can fall into different kinds:u Human beings and movementE.g. ouch, ow, p

35、ooh, uoh, boo, mumble, grunt, giggle, whimper, chuckle, patteru Different animalsE.g. Wow-wow, Mew-mew, Grunt-grunt, Quack-quacku Natural objectsE.g. Swish, Splash, Squelch, Plop, GurglePage 247.6 Aposiopesis(说话中断法说话中断法)(1) Definition: Aposiopesis is the rhetorical device of suddenly stopping in mid

36、-sentence, as if to say more would be superfluous, or as if words fail one, or as if the listener or reader would now be able to complete the sentence suitably. Aposiopesis is usually used in the moments of emotion for the true representation of a speakers tone and mood.(2) Classification: Aposiopes

37、is generally falls into three categories:u The speaker abruptly halts halfway in a sentence, either being too excited to give further articulation to his thought or trying to impress readers with a vague hint of an idea. Page 25u The speaker intentionally leaves the rest of a sentence unsaid, implyi

38、ng a strong sense of menace or intimidation. In such context, the audience can easily figure out what is left unsaid. For example, 1) The guard said to the prisoner, “Stop! Another step forward and you will” 2) “If only I knew who killed that cherry tree,” he cried, “I would yes, I would” 3) “If onl

39、y I knew who killed that cherry tree,” he cried, “I would. Yes, I would.”u The speaker does not finish his words on purpose, leaving suspense on the listener. Page 267.7 Apostrophe (呼语呼语)(1) Definition: Apostrophe refers to the orators turning aside from his immediate audience to address some other

40、person, whether he is physically present or not, as “Judge, O you gods” in the following: For Brutus, as you know, was Caesars angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. (Shakespeare)Another example, O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumns being. (P.B. Shelly)Page 277.8 Pun(1) Definitio

41、n: Pun is, in nature, a word-play. A pun involves the use of a polysemous word to suggest two or more meanings, commonly literal meaning versus figurative meaning, or involves the use of homonyms. The whole point of a pun is the users intent to produce a humorous or witty effect from the juxtapositi

42、on of meanings.(2) Homonym, Homophone & Homographu A homonym is a word that is identical to another word in pronunciation and spelling but not in meaning.E.g. arms (part of the body) arms (weapons) lie (to make) an intentional false statement lie ( to have ones body in a more or less horizontal posi

43、tion along ground of surfacePage 28u A homophone is a word that is identical to another word in pronunciation but not in spelling and meaning.E.g. bale (a large bundle) bail (to remove water from a boat) meet (to come upon by chance or arrangement) meat (the edible flesh of animals)u A homograph is

44、a word that is identical to another word in spelling but not in pronunciation and meaning.E.g. Wind (air in more or less rapid natural motion) Wind (go in circular, spiral course)Page 29(3) Puns based on homonymsE.g. If we dont hang together well hang separately. (Benjamin Frankling) Whats the diffe

45、rence between a soldier and a young girl? One powders the face, the other faces the powder. Ben Battle was a soldier bold And used to wars alarm; But a cannon ball shot off his legs. So he laid down his arms.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country. English has alwa

46、ys broken loose(挣脱挣脱) from the English, just as Latin broke loose from the Romans.Page 30E.g. It is better to live rich than to die rich. With IBM we have the power to manage the power. Tommy went to law school and passed the bar, and I went off to town and bought a bar. A man sits down at a table i

47、n a restaurant and asks, “Do you serve crabs here?” The waiter says, “Sure, sit down, we serve anybody.”Crab:螃蟹螃蟹, 类似螃蟹的动物类似螃蟹的动物;脾气乖戾的人脾气乖戾的人, 吹毛求疵吹毛求疵Page 31(4) Puns based on homophones Sign on a Mens Gym door: “We have courses to make grown men young and young men groan.” Whats increasingly lucra

48、tive, however, is selling naming rights. It may not make sense, but it makes some cents. Americans care about money. On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. When a woman complained to a butcher that these sausages tasted like meat at one end but like bread crumb at the other, he

49、replies, “Madam, in times like these, no butcher can make both ends meet.”Page 32“Waiter!” “Yes, sir.” “Whats this?” “Its bean soup, sir.” “No matter what its been, what is it now?” “Waiter, there is a hair in my soup.” “So sorry, sir. Did you order it without ?”Page 33(5) Puns are closely linked wi

50、th other figures of speechFor example:- “Where have you been for the last four years?”- “At college taking medicine.”- “And did you get well?”Page 34(6) Pun is a device of humor. Puns are often used in riddles, jokes, newspaper headlines, advertisement, etc. For example, How do you keep cool at a fo