2022年高中英语语法讲解不定式.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高中英语语法讲解不定式（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语；book aloud. A1 不定式的构成（以动词 do 为例） E.g. He want his students to read the 主动形式 被动形式一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 无完成进行式 to have been doing 无2 不定

2、式的意义不定式的一般式 to do 一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后My wish is to become a doctor He seemed to be tired. She stopped to have a rest. 不定式的被动式 to be done , 不定式一般要用被动式. 当不定式的规律主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承担者时The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. I am going to Beijing, I have something to take t

3、o my parents, do you have something to be taken to your parents. 假如谓语表示的动作 情形 发生时 , 不定式表示动作正在进行, 这时候不定式就要用进行式.（to be doing）They are said to be building another bridge across the street. They seemed to be talking about something important. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around t

4、he world. I m glad to be working with you.假如不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式 to have done ；如是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式 to have been done. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He thought it a pity not to have invited us. The assistant seemed to have been fired. He is said to have been

5、 taught French when he was a child. Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties. 假如不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前始终在进行的动作,就要用完成进行式 . They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang. 名师归纳总结 Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 第 1 页,共 15 页- - -

6、- - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - B. 用法：动词不定式具出名词、形容词和副词的特点；因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足 语、定语和状语；一、不定式做主语：1、不定式做主语一般表示详细的某次动作；=动名词 doing 表示习惯的,常常的动作；e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To do such things is foolish. To see is to believe. 对等 注: 1. 不定式作主语时 , 谓语用单数2. 当主语较长,谓语较短时,常用 it 做形式主语,而将不定

7、式放到谓语的后面；it 做形式主语,不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于以下结构中：1It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do2 It is +adj.+for sb.+to doIt is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary 3 it is +a +名词 + to do. s duty / an honor / a shame 而It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one/ a crime / no easy job

8、to do to do It takes sb. some time / courage / patience It requires courage / patience / hard work to do * 留意 : probable 和 possible 均可作表语,但possible可以用不定式作真实主语,probable不能用不定式作真实主语；错）It is probable for him to come to the meeting.It is possible for him to come to the meeting. It is possible / probable

9、that he will come to the meeting. 二、不定式做表语主语是以 aim duty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态；eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. What I would suggest is to s

10、tart work at once. 三 动词不定式作宾语以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）等只能用动词不定式作宾语想要学习早准备（ want learn plan）快预备有期望（ prepare hope wish expect同意否供挑选（ agree offer choose）打算了已答

11、应（ decide be determined promise尽力去着手做（ manage undertake）别拒绝别假装（ refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen. We hope to get there before dark. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The girl decided to do it herself. * 留意 : 某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同的有 stop go

12、on remember forget regret try mean cant help be used to 四 动词不定式做定语1. 不定式作定语需要后置；2. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种主要的规律关系,即被修饰的名词和代词 是不定式的规律主语（规律上的主谓关系）或规律宾语（规律上的动宾关系）1）不定式前的名词是它的规律主语； He is the doctor to do the operation. 2 不定式和它所修饰的名词是规律上的动宾关系； I have a lot of things to do. 3）不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象； This is the ri

13、ght time to start. 留意假如不定式所修饰的词是way 或 place, 介词可省略；He has no way to go by. This is the best place to work at 五宾语补足语 He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street. 注 1 假如谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词,就作宾补的不定式不行带 to ,这些动词有 see, hear, feel, watch, notice; have, make, let 等；I felt my blood run cold. What

14、 made you think like that. 但假如句子是被动语态,就 to 不行省略；He was made to clean the windows as a punishment. Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 注 2 1. 谓语动词 help 后可接带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾补；用不带 to 的不定式表示帮忙者直接参加动作；用带 They helped me carry the boxes. to 的不定式表示主语没有直接参加动作；This kind of soap will help you to wash the

15、 clothes more easily. 2. 在美式英语或非正式文体中,help 后用作宾补的不定式均不带 to ；3.help 后可以直接用带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾语； They helped to carry the furniture upstairs. 注 3look at及 listen to后用作宾补的不定式不带to （这主要是美式英语） ；We have been listening to the radio tell a long story. 六 表语补足语 当不定式与主语存在规律上动宾关系的时候,用主动表被动； That is hard to say. Th

16、e chair is comfortable to sit in. 七 不定式做状语 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、缘由、结果、条件等；1、表目的 e.g. To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best 主语一样 He came here to attend an important meeting. He came here in order to see Charlie. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -

17、 -第 3 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区分于 其他功能的标志之一；* 但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to, in order to ,但却不行以是so as to. ” , ”To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen. To get the best results, use clean water. To be elected monitor of

18、 our class, he gave money to us. * 放在句末时, to do 表示目的,不行有“ ,” 如有用 doing 表示相伴的目的 e.g. He bowed to us to thank us for helping him find the way. He worked day and night, hoping to finish the work beforehand. 注： 1. 不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的规律主语 主语一样 e.g.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He wen

19、t home to see his mother. 例外 e g He opened the door for the children to come in. They sent a man to mend the window. 2、表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于以下句型 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time. such as to I m not such a fool as to believe th at. adj./adv. + enough to The boy i

20、s old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. （5）only to find , only to be told 出乎意料之外的结果3 缘由不定式可以用于动词、形容词或-ed 分词后表示缘由； He was too excited to get high marks. 八同位语 Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished. 九独立成分 To tell you the truth, I dont like you.

21、They arrived here at 11:55 a.m., to be exact. 类似的有： to be frank坦率地说, to hear him talk听他说话的口气,to cut a long story short 长话短说,等等；C 不定式的各种结构 1 宾格词 + 不定式 1）一般结构此结构中的宾格词为名词或代词的宾格,宾格词是谓语动词的宾语,同时又是不定式的规律主语,不定式和宾格词一起构成复合宾语；I want Henry to come. She expects this to be true. I heard them sing yesterday. 2 “ t

22、here to be + 宾格词” 结构to be 的后面；此结构的宾格词仍是不定式的规律主语,只是它位于不定式I don t want there to be any misunderstanding. 3 各种形式的不定式都可以用于此种结构中；The judge wanted the man to be punished. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He expected each of his students to be working hard for the coming exam. 2 主格词

23、 + 不定式 当上一种结构变为被动语态时,就显现了此种结构,此结构中,不定式都要带 to ,主格 词是不定式的规律主语,不定式在句中作主语补足语；They are allowed to go. We allowed them to go. He was seen to enter the store. 3 for + 宾格词 + 不定式 I saw him enter the store. 此结构中,宾格词是不定式的规律主语,这种结构在句中可作：1） 主语 It is difficult for us to learn a second foreign language. 2）宾语 I con

24、sider it necessary for her to learn French. 3）表语 The best thing is for us to make our own decision. 4）定语 There is a lot of work for us to do. 5）状语 He opened the door for the car to enter. The book is too easy for them to read. 4 with/without + 宾格词 + 不定式此结构在句中常作缘由状语,宾格词是不定式的规律宾语；With so much work to

25、do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you. Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 5 疑问词 + 不定式 此结构相当于名词词组,在句中可作：1） 主语 When to visit that farm has not been decided yet. 2） 宾语 We must know how to operate this machine. 3） 表语 The problem now is how to collect enough money. 4） 同位语 The probl

26、em what to do next is unknown. 留意 intend, plan, hope, expect, mean, promise, want, think, wish, were was, would like, should like + 不定式完成式,可表过去没有实现的愿望,期望和方案；He intended to h ave come. = He intended to come, but he didnt.She wished to have bought a car. = She wished to buy a car, but she didnt.I mean

27、t to have called on you, but I was too busy. She hoped to have passed the exam. but she didntt I would like to have gone abroad. but I didnD 不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加 not ,表示较强的否定意义时可用 never ； I told him not to touch the equipment. You must promise never to do that again. E 特别动词不定式的“ 省略与保留”一、不定式符号的省略与保留 1. 在

28、 had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than, cannot but, why not 等结构后面的不定式符号 to 通常被省略；如 : Youd better tell her the truth. 你最好告知她真相； 2. 动词不定式短语作介词 but, except, besides 的宾语 , 且介词之前有行为动词 do 或它的其它形式时 , 不定式符号 to 通常被省略；如 : What do you like to do besides swim. 除了游泳 , 你仍喜爱干什么 . My mother

29、 could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 妈妈只好等着医生的到来；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her. 本句中不定式符号to 不行省略 当时他毫无挑选的余地 , 只好告知她了； 3. 两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时 , 后面不定式短语的不定式符号 to 通常被省略; 假如表示对比关系 , 就不定式中的不定式符号 to 通常要保留；如 : They d

30、idn t tell me whether to go on or to stop. 对比关系 他们没有告知我是连续下去仍是停止； She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. 并列关系 她让孩子待在那里等她回来； 4. 在某些感官动词或使役动词 如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等 之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中, 不定式符号to 总是被省略 , 但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to 通常要保留；如: They made that man work

31、 all the morning. 他们让那个人干了一个早晨； That man was made to work all the morning. 那个人被要求干了一个早晨； 5. 不定式短语作表语 , 不定式符号 to 常常要保留 , 但当 what 引导的名词性从句作主语 ,或 all, everything 等后接定语从句作主语 , 从句谓语部分含有动词 do 或 do 的其他形式时 , 作表语的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符号 to ；如 : The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的

32、幸福而工作； The only thing I can do now is togo on by myself. 我现在唯独能做的就是靠自己连续进行下去；二、不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留 1. 为了防止重复 , 在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面显现与上文相同的不定式时, 常保留不定式符号to, 而把其它部分省略；如: Ms King lied to us because she

33、 had to. 金女士跟我们撒了谎 , 由于她不得不这样做；I heard that you would go to Dalian for your holiday. 我听说你要去大连度假；I planned to, but I have some important business to deal with. 我原方案去的 , 但有重要的事情要处理； 2. 当不定式在 ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时 , 为了防止重复 , 常保留不定式符号

34、, 而把后面的动词省略；如 : She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to.她想来 , 但她的父母不答应；If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to.假如他不想去那里 , 别强迫他；He didn t come, though we had invited him to. 虽然我们邀请了他 , 但他没来；Did your husband give up smoking. 你丈夫戒烟了吗 . No. He was advised to, but he wouldnt listen.没

35、有；有人劝过他 , 但他就是不听； 3. 在特定的上下文中 , 为了防止重复 , 假如不定式为一般式 to be. 或完成式 to have done 时, 就不定式符号 to 和 be 或 have 常一并保留 ,be 或 have 之后的部分通常要省略；如 : Arent you the headmaster.你莫非不是校长吗 . No, and I dont want to be. 我不是 , 而且我也不想当；名师归纳总结 Hasnt he finished writing the report. 第 6 页,共 15 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

36、 - - 莫非他仍没写完报告吗 . No, but he ought to have. 是的 , 但他原来应当写完；F 常见的含有动词不定式的句式主要有以下几种：一. It takes sb. some time （money）to do sth. 某人花费多少时间（金钱）做某事；例如： 1. It often takes me half an hour to watch TV every evening. 每天晚上我常常用半小时看电视； 2. It took me ten yuan to buy the book last week. 上周我花了 10 元买那本书； 3. How long

37、will it take them to finish the work. 完成那项工作需要花费他们多少时间？在使用该句式要留意的是：sb. 假如代词表示用宾格；take 随时态转变；句中的时间用段时间,对此提问用how long ；例： It takes us more than two hours to do our homework every day. It took us more than two hours to do our homework yesterday. It will take us more than two hours to do our homework to

38、morrow. How long did it take you to do your homework yesterday. 二. Its time to do sth. 该做某事了,同义句为：. It s time for sth. / doing sth. 例：It s time to go to school. 该上学了；（It s time for school.）It s time to get up. 该起床了；（It s time for getting up.）此句可以扩展为： It s time for sb. to do sth是某人做某事的时间了； for sb. to

39、 do sth. 是动词不定式的复合结构；例：It s time for me to work. 到我工作的时间了；It s time for you to go to school. 到你们上学的时间了；三. 主语 be（not ）+adj.+enough to do sth. （某人、某物）足够（不能）做某事；例： The boy is old enough to go to school. 这个孩子到了上学年龄；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I m tall enough to reach the top

40、 of the tree. 我够高能够到树顶； *1. 此句是确定句时,可以用主besoadj. that的句型（即so ,that 表示的结果状语从句）来替换； The boy is so old that he can go to school. 2. I m so tall that I can reach the top of the tree.too 此句是否定句式时,既可以用so that 引导的结果状语从句来替换,仍可以用to 句式替换；例： He is not old enough to go to work. 他太小不能去上班；He is so young that he c

41、ant go to work. He is too young to go to work. 再如： The box is not light enough for me to carry. 这个箱子太重我搬不动； The box is too heavy for me to carry. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. 四. sb. +be ready + to do sth. （某人愿意做某事） He is always ready to help others. （他总是乐于帮忙别人）I m always ready to make n

42、ew friends. 我总是乐于结交新伴侣；五. Its +adj. + for / of sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事 例：It s dangerous for children to play football in the street. 对孩子来说在街上踢足球是很危急的；It s good for us to take more exercise. 对我们来说多运动是有益的；s very kind of you to say so. It 你这样说真是太好了；It s very kind of you to help me. 你真好,肯帮我；该句式中,引导动词不定式

43、的规律主语的介词用 假如形容词是描述动词不定式的行为者的性格、for 仍是 of ,主要取决于前面的形容词；品质的；如： kind, good, nice, wrong, right, clever, careless, foolish等,应用of ；假如形容词仅仅是描述事物,不是对动词不定式的行为者的品质进行评判的,就用for. 常见这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous 等；It s wrong of you to do it. 你做这件事是错的；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 15 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It s hard for you to be a lawyer. 对你来说做律师很困难；六. 主+would like / love to do sth. 喜爱（想做某事）I d like to go there with you. 我很想和你一起去那；I d love I like to help you study English. 我很情愿帮你学英语；此句式仍可以扩展为： would like / love sb. to do sth. “ 喜爱 / 想让某人做某事；”