2022年跨文化交际名词术语解释.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1.学习好资料欢迎下载Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations. 经济学视角中的 全球化 表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程；2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society. 宏观文化 意味着种族差异的消逝和一个大社会的形成；3.

2、 Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉 :不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化；4.5.Microcultures:cultures within cultures 微观文化： 文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are dist

3、inct enough to alter the communication event. 跨文化交际 :指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际；6. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 文化 是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的说明,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响；7.8.Culture identi

4、ty refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份 ：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体；Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化 :具有能在更大的一个社会范畴内或主流文化中使自

5、己有别于他人的特点的人类群 体所形成的文化；9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亚群体 :与主流文化不一样,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体；10. Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior. 规章 :社会认同的行为或行为的个体原就；11. Norms are culturally

6、ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty. 规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原就,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的惩罚；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载12. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adap

7、t to your society. 社会文化适应： 人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程；13. Acculturation refers to an individual s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. 文化适应： 人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程；14. 分隔和隔离 separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the ne

8、w culture. 在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化,完全没有接受和习得新文化；15. 融合 Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture. 在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分,同时又保留了自己文化的完整性；16. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an in

9、dividual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture. 人们舍弃原有文化,接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化,人们就失去了原有的文化；17. 边缘化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one s cultural identity and not having any psychologic

10、al contact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份,而且与广大社会失去了心理联系；18. 文化震荡 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时,遭受的痛楚和难忘的经受；19. 信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate. 是具有交际需要和

11、愿望的详细的人；20. 编码 encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. 是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程；21. 信息 message is the resulting object.是沟通的内容,编码的结果；22. 渠道 channel 是信息传递的手段；23. 干扰 noise指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情；24. 解码 decoing 信息接收者在积极参加沟通的过程中对所接收到的符号信息给予意义的过 程；25. 反馈 feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所明白的那一部分反应；26. 情境 contex

12、t交际发生的环境并且有助于说明交际内容的含义；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载27. 人际交际 interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and t

13、o obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的 交往他们既能依据对方调整自己的信息,又能立刻从对方那里获得说明；28. 内文化交际 intracultural communicationis defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治 倾向宗教,或者具有同样爱好的人们之间的交际；29. 国家间交际 internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际,正式和

14、仪式化；此种交际特别30. 跨民族交际 interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族,不同民族背景的人们之间的交际；31. 跨种族交际 interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to diff

15、erent physical characteristics. 指信息源和信 息来自不同的种族,种族具有不同的身体特点；32. 跨地 区交际 interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country. 指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交 换过程；33. 世界观 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of

16、 humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙,神,人本质及自然的最根本的看法34. 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力气宇宙制造者和掌握者权力的信任与崇敬；35. 个人主义 individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益,集体主义 collectivism：个人融入集体36. 对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance

17、deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to mans search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度；37. 权益距离 power distance：组织或机构里边,没有权力的成员对于权力不均等安排接受和期望的程度；38. 感 觉 sensation： is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .人们意识到四周环境的神经

18、过程；名师归纳总结 39. 低语境 low context：交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载,只有少量的信息包蕴在隐性的环境和情形中；第 3 页,共 6 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载40. 高语境 high versus：在人们交际时,有较多的信息量包蕴在社会文化环境和情形中,明显 的语码负载较少的信息量；41. 焦虑 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling a

19、nd not be totally present in the communication transaction. 在新环境下人们不知如何 应对,过多关注自己的心情,不能全身心投入到交际中；42. 假定一样性 ：1 To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see things is called projected cognitive similarity. 从自己看待事物的角度来判定别人的想法 2Assuming similarity instead of difference refers

20、 to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another persons situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is. 43. 定势 stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group members

21、hip.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判定；44. 偏 见 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation. 偏见是指对于某一特定群体,种类,宗教或性取向的无故的憎恶和怀疑；45. 种 族 主 义 是 基 于 种 族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to

22、 individuals based on their race.把性格特点或位置归因于个人的任 意政策、做法、信仰或态度；46. 语言肯定论 ：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms.语言结构掌握思维和文化；47. 语言相对论 ：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文化 由语言来打算,同时也打算语言；48. 言语交际 Verbal inte

23、rcultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用 语言进行沟通时 言语交际 就发生了49. 禁忌语 ：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people or in certain for religious or social reasons.

24、 在特定文化中出于宗教或社会缘由被一特定群体 所防止使用的一些词语或行为；50. 委婉语 ：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温顺的, 间接的方式来代替严格的, 生硬的或冒犯的 言语；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载51. 非言语信号 ：（狭义） noverbal communicate refers

25、 to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为； （广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of peoples use of them. 人们交际时运用的环境因素；52. 副语言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or

26、 temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是与口语交际有 关,指说的速度,音高,和质量,这些要素会打断或暂时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达. 53.54. 时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指讨论人们如何看 待和使用时间；55. 时空行为： proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality a

27、nd personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通,包括地盘性和个人空间；56. 目光语： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. 讨论目光传递的交 流信息；57. 气味行为 Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进行 沟通的讨论；58. 触觉行为 Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通

28、过身体接触来 进行沟通；59. 身势语行为 Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages. 指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作,包括表情,手势,姿态,和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止；60. 颜色学 Chromatics:refers

29、to the study of color use in affecting people mood,emotions,and impression of others.指影响你的心情,情感和对他人的印象的颜色的讨论；61. 礼节 Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止；62. 良好的交际 Competent communication：as interaction that is perceive

30、d as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成肯定的有回报的目标的有 效交际；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 6 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载63. 跨文化才能 intercultural competence:refers to the ability to

31、understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate ones communication and interaction according to the conte指懂得和适应目标文化的才能,指对文化多样性的敏锐性,也就是依据详细的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的才能；64. 跨文化交际才能包

32、括 ：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in reality. 认知才能,情感才能,行为才能,事实上他们是密不行分的；65. 认知 Cognition:The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal co

33、des.指的是思维的懂得力和懂得各种言语和非言语交际的才能；66. 情 感 Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when communicating with someone from a different culture.当你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的 时候,你所经受的情感状态67. 目的 Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你如何 进行一个特定的跨文化交际；68. 行动 Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective.指交际的适当而有效的行为表现；名师归纳总结 69. 移情 Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people能够以他人 s points of view的观点看待和感受事情；第 6 页,共 6 页- - - - - - -