中考长难句翻译.doc

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1、*.中考长难句翻译中学英语长难句子的翻译一、英语汉语的不同1、英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.天

2、目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构（grapevine structure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboo structure）。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。2、英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。首先我们谈谈词序的调整。英汉语句中的主要

3、成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”，而在英语中却说He is sleeping in the bedroom.（他睡觉在卧室。）；英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”，He was born in Beijing。一）定语位置的调整1. 单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。something important（后置） 重要的事情（前置）如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。a

4、 little, yellow, ragged beggar（前置） 一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。（后置）2. 短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。their plan to cross the river （后置） 他们渡江的企图（前置）One day an earthquake rocked the mountain, causing one of the eggs to roll down the mountain to a chicken farm, located in the valley below.

5、二）状语位置的调整1. 单词作状语英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。He was very active in class.（前置） 他在班上很活跃。（前置）英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置）现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置）英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。He is running fast enough.（后置） 他跑得够快的了。（前置）2短语

6、作状语英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。Seeing this, some of us became very worried（前置）看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着急。（前置）A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray（后置）一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过，溅了我一身水。（后置）英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970（地点在前）他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（时间在前

7、）英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。三）其次我们谈谈句序的调整这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。（1）时间顺序的调整1英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。I went out for a walk after I had my dinner（从句在主句之后）我吃了晚饭后出去散步。（从句在主句之前）2. 英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置。He had flown yesterday fro

8、m Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。（2）英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整1. 表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺序灵活，在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。He had to stay in bed because he was ill（后置）因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）2. 表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的顺序也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在

9、前，结果在后。I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made（后置）如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）3. 表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。Better take your umbrella in case it rains（后置） 最好带上伞以防下雨。（前置）二、对长句的认识英语多长句，这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。英语长句的特点是什么?一般说来，英语长句有如下几个

10、特点: 1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多; 2）常须根据上下文作词义的引申; 3）常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判定; 4）并列成分多; 5）修饰语多，非凡是后置定语很长; 6）习惯搭配和成语经常出现。三、如何构成长句英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。所以翻译长句，实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;状语从句。造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3)

11、语言结构层次多。四、英语中长句的处理手段英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词(短语)、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成。这些成分所处的位置通常就是应该作拆分处理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时，意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句，甚至于分拆成独立的句子。这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后，单独译成句子，对句子主干部分进行补充说明。 有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分还不够，还需要将句子结构打乱，重新组合。有时需要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词。1. 长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2. 5个拆分

12、信号：标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。3. 五步拆分步骤：隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点寻找连词，确定句子种类并列句，主从句；寻找句中的动词或动词结构确定整句框架标出主句主干部分及从属连词；确定从句框架标出从句主谓部分；*分別翻译主从句分别进行翻译；*词句推敲中文语言进行表述。注：*部分为翻译要求步骤。We al

13、l know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all

14、 the time.You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you wont how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talki

15、ng to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.五、翻译方法在英语长句的翻译过程中，一般采取下列的方法： (1) 顺译法。 即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。 如：Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a

16、 gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessnes

17、s, it usually does not last for more than a year. (2) 逆译法。 即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。 The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备). “At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Fe

18、ero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. (3)分译法。 如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。 如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current ev

19、ents, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (4)综合法。 上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，

20、或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。 如：people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie

21、 to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. Teaching them small acts of kindness,such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open,may seem unimportant, but it can go a long way toward helping students r

22、ealize how to be polite and thank others .2.从句的译法 英语中主从复合句十分常见，但汉语中却没有这样频繁使用从句句式的习惯。因此，在翻译时需要将各种从句进行处理，使之符合汉语习惯。 1)名词性从句 名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等等。通常名词性从句可被译成名词词组，有时原文语序不需变化。 主语从句 What he said was recorded in this book. 译文：他的话被记录在这本书里。 主语从句译为名词词组，原句语序不变。 From some time past it has been widely a

23、ccepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards译文：婴儿和其他动物由于某些做法有回报才学着做事情，这种观点在过去一段时间里一直为人们所广泛接受。主语从句提前，符合汉语习惯。 宾语从句 宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。 Many people believe that man is not solving these problems of pollution quickly enough and that his selfish pur

24、suit of possessions take him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage. 译文：许多人认为，人类没有尽快的解决这些污染问题而只顾谋求私利，以至于错过了悔改的机会，以后才充分认识到这种损害。 原文中有两个由that引导的宾语从句，从句由and连接，翻译时根据其逻辑关系，添加“而”。 表语从句 表语从句翻译时通常也不用改变原文语序。 What he cares is how much profit he can get from the project. 译文：他关心的是他从该项

25、目中能获得多少利润。 句中表语从句仍按原文顺序，主语从句译为名词词组。 同位语从句 同位语从句的翻译主要按照该从句与主句的逻辑关系来确定，在汉语中译为宾语、定语或补语等，通常不改变原句顺序。 The belief that failure is the mother of success has kept him go on experimenting. 译文：失败是成功之母的信念使他继续进行实验。 同位语从句说明主语内容，译做定语从句。 They jumped to the conclusion that all our flights out of China had been made

26、from Beijing. 译文：他们匆忙作出了结论：我们从中国飞出的飞机都是从北京起飞。 同位语从句前用冒号，原句顺序不变。 There were indications that the enemy had retreated. 译文：有种种迹象表明敌军已经撤退。 根据逻辑关系同位语从句译为宾语从句，原句顺序不变。2)定语从句的译法 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异，所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种： (1)译成含“的”字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语，所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过，条件是定语不可过长。 (2)

27、采用“分译法”，将较长的定语从句独立出去，并将先行词重复一次。 (3)译成状语从句。 如：Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences. Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psycholo

28、gists, are starting to believe it.He called himself “the first clown in space”who enter-tained the crew of the ISS and hosted a show from space.3)状语从句的译法 由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等，这类从句往往用在主句后面，而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达，即要用逆译法。结果状语从句例外。 Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss w

29、ith each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy. He often drew pictures on the floor with chalk and when his mother saw what he had done, she would quickly clean them with a mop. 六、实战训练 1)从真题中选取有代表性的长难句，每篇文

30、章找出23个。 2)将这些长难句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下来。 3)反复阅读，最好能够达到熟能成诵的境界，注意在此过程中不进行任何语法分析。在头脑中把英语句子中各成分拆分，然后把这些概念组合成可以理解的汉语句子就可以了。 4)将真题中的长难句都如此练习一番，长难句就基本攻破了，之后，我们将会进入到一个阅读的新境界!中考英语常见长难句子分析The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备). Life today is much easier

31、than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems. They stop people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. Third，compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands(品牌)and different sizes of t

32、he same brand.Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.Wise shoppers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials(商业广告)，

33、but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads.Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment. An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them off, someone with disordered

34、 anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger dont disappear over time.The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someones level of competence (竞争) w

35、hether on the job or as a parent or partner helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings. Not only can the whole family get involved, but everyone can benefit from the harvest. Taking part in nature clean-ups or volunteering to do path maintenance(维护)teaches kids that they have the ability to do s

36、omething positive for the environment and communities.When parents get involved, they can set a good example for their children to follow, which will help children realize their responsibility to protect the environment. Just remember: be prepared，know your subject and your audience，say what you hav

37、e to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together. Twenty Chinese students talked directly to an astronaut (spaceman) in the International Space Station (ISS) on radio in Nanjing, capital of east Chinas Jiangsu Province on Sunday, 2007. The 20 students, aged 10 to

38、 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study mate

39、rials.You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you wont how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. Then, in March, he entered a free-throw competition at the school, and the town saw

40、just how big a team player Guei really isboth on and off the court (球场).Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan (扫描) your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markers of the blueprint, called DTC genetic test

41、s.But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless. “At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the direct

42、or of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance (保险) companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you. It was Professor Albert Mehrabian who

43、discovered that we express our feelings and attitudes with 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone of voice and only 7 percent actual words.A person touching his nose, pulling at his ear or rubbing his eye with his left hand might be lying to you. I think it would be a mistake to use these tools t

44、o control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading. Beca

45、use I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.Ive seldom had students make wrong use of technology in my classes; however, I have been e-mailed

46、 by students while they were in other teachers classrooms.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course ma

47、terial and the class discussion.I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations (评价) show student satisfaction with the environment that I create. Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a deeper level a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.I am not saying th