中考动词时态与语态复习材料.doc

* 专题复习七 动词的时态 基础知识梳理 （一） 初中阶段需要掌握的8种时态 时态 构成 一般现在时 主语+动词原形+其他 主语（第三人称单数）+动词的单数形式+其他 一般过去时 主语+动词过去式+其他 一般将来时 主语+will+动词原形+其他 主语+be going to+动词原形+其他 主语（第一人称 I /we）+shall + 动词原形+其他 现在进行时 主语+am/is/are +v. –ing + 其他 过去进行时 主语+was/ were +v. –ing + 其他 现在完成时 主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 过去完成时 主语 + had + 过去分词+其他 过去将来时 主语 + would + 动词原形+其他 主语 + was/were going to + 动词原形 注意：现在完成进行时态在课文中出现过，学生可作基本了解。 现在完成进行时的构成： 主语+ have/ has + been + 现在分词+其他 （二）时态的应用及动词变化形式 考点1：一般现在时 1. 一般现在时的用法 用法 例句 表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态，常与always，often，sometimes，usually, never, twice a month, every day等频率副词或时间状语连用。 ①I often go to school at seven. 我经常在七点钟去上学。 ②We visit Uncle Liu every month. 我们每月都去看望刘叔叔。 表示客观事实或 普遍真理。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳在东方升起。 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will leave. 如果明天不下雨我将离开。 go，come，leave，arrive等瞬间动词常用一般现在时表示计划、安排好的将要发生的动作。 The train for Beijing leaves at 5: 30. 开往北京的火车5: 30离开。 2. 句式变换 含有be动词 实义动词 肯定句式 主语+am/is/are +其他 主语+动词一般现在时+其他 否定句 主语+am/is/are +not +其他 主语+don’t/doesn’t +动词原形+其他 疑问句 Am /Is / Are+主语+其他？ Do/Does+主语+其他？ 考点2：一般过去时 1. 用法: 表示过去的动作或状态 2. 构成： was/were+表语； 实义动词的过去式 3. 标志词： a moment ago, just now, …ago, last night/week/month/year…., yesterday 例如：I met him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上遇到他了。 His uncle went to Beijing last week. 上周他的叔叔去了北京。 4. 句式变换 含有be动词 实义动词 肯定句式 主语+was/were +其他 主语+动词过去式+其他 否定句 主语+was/were +其他 主语+didn’t +动词原形+其他 疑问句 Was/Were +主语+其他 Did+主语+其他？ 注：在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。 例如： He said he would not go if it rained. 他说如果下雨他就不去了。 考点3：现在进行时 1. 用法：（1）表示现在（说话瞬间）正在发生的动作。 例：①They are watching TV now. 他们现在正在看电视。 ②Listen! The bird is singing in the tree. 听！鸟儿正在树上唱歌 （2）表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段一直进行的动作。 例：She is working in a factory. 她正在一家工厂工作。 （3）表示位置移动的动词，如come，go，leave，arrive等常用现在进行时表示最近即将发生的动作。 例：①I’m coming. 我这就来。 ②We are leaving tomorrow. 我们将明天离开。 （4）现在进行时与always，all the time等副词或短语连用常表示某种强烈的感情。 例：Alice is always thinking of others. 艾丽斯总是想着别人。 2. 构成及句式变换 构成 be(am/is/are) +动词-ing 肯定句 主语+be+动词-ing+其他 否定句 主语+be+not+动词-ing+其他 疑问句 Be +主语+动词-ing+其他 3. 常用时间标志词：now, Look! Listen! These days, at this moment, what are you doing,? 考点4：过去进行时 构成 肯定句：S+ was (were) + v. -ing+其他 否定句：S+ was (were) + not + v. -ing+其他 一般疑问句：Was (Were) + S + v. -ing+其他 用法 表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行或发生的动作。（动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明） 常用的时间标志词 at 9: 00 a. m. yesterday; at this time last night；from seven to nine; when, while引导的时间状语从句 【注意】 (1)在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个短暂性动作用一般过去时。例如：My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park. 在公园散步的时候，我的钢笔掉到地上了。 (2)表示两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，不考虑动作的先后顺序，主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时，连词常用while。例如： The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework. 学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。 考点5： 一般将来时 1. 一般将来时的构成：（1）will +动词原形(主语是第一人称时也可用shall +动词原形)（2）be (am, is, are) going to +动词原形 2. 一般将来时的用法：（1）表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow, soon, later, next time, in+一段时间等连用。例如： I’ll start tomorrow. 我明天动身。 （2）“be going to +动词原形”用于表示主观上打算将来要做某事，这种打算往往是事先安排好的或表示可能要发生或肯定要发生的事情。例如： She has bought some cloth and she is going to make herself a dress. 她买了一些布，准备为自己做一件连衣裙。 【注意】 一般将来时的其他表达方式 (1)“be +doing”表示按计划安排好的事情，常与少量表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，start，move，leave等连用 I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我就要动身去北京了。 (2)在表示车、船、飞机等的进出时间时，可以用一般现在时表示将来 My plane will take off/takes off at 6: 30 a. m. 我乘坐的飞机将在早上6: 30起飞。 考点6. 现在完成时 1. 构成： have/has+动词的过去分词 2. 用法:（1）表示说话之前已经完成了的动作，而且这个动作对现在仍有影响，常与already，yet， in the past few years等时间状语连用。 例：I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。（已知电影内容） （2）表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，常与by now，so far，since, for等时间状语连用 I have studied in the school since 2009. 自从2009年我就在这所学校学习。 3. 用现在完成时来描述一个从过去一直延续到现在的动作时，其谓语动词一定要用延续性动词。现在完成时中的时间状语表示的是一段时间时，句中的动词一定要用延续性动词。 常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表： 非延续性动词 延续性动词 非延续性动词 延续性动词 borrow/lend keep die be dead open be open close be closed buy have join be in/a member of leave be away (from) finish/end be over begin/start be on arrive/come be here/ in catch/get a cold have a cold marry be married 4. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 区别 例句 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯的叙述过去发生的事情，强调过去，与具体的表示过去的时间连用 Tom lived in Beijing two years ago. 两年前汤姆住在北京。 （不知道现在是否还住在北京） 现在完成时的动作虽然是发生在过去，但是对现在有影响 Tom has lived in Beijing for two years. 汤姆住在北京两年了。（现在汤姆仍然还在北京） 考点7. 过去完成时 1. 构成：主语+had+过去分词 2. 用法：（1）表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作（即“过去的过去”）。因此使用过去完成时必须以过去某一时间作为前提，通常用by, before短语或when, before, after, until等引导的从句来表示。例如： After the sun had set, we decided to return home. 太阳落山以后，我们决定回家。 （2）用于宾语从句，从句表示在主句以前发生的动作。 She wondered who had left the door open. 她想知道是谁让门开着的。 （3）现在完成时与过去完成时的区别 用法 例句 现在完成时与过去完成时的用法相同，只是作为衡量标准的时间不同；现在完成时是以现在这个时刻作衡量标准，而过去完成时是以过去某个时间作衡量标准 He has travelled to most of the cities in China in the past five years. 五年来他已经游遍了中国的大多数城市。 When we got there, the football match had already started. 当我们赶到那里时，足球比赛已经开始了。 考点8. 过去将来时 (1)构成：①would + 动词原形 ②should + 动词原形 ③was/were + going to + 动词原形 (2)过去将来时的用法： 用法 例句 表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态；这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中；常用的时间状语有two days later, the next week, the following day等 ①Tom said he would come. 汤姆说他要来的。 ②Linda said she was going to see her aunt. 琳达说她打算去看她的姑妈。 ③Mr. Green told us we were going to have a party at the weekend. 格林先生告诉我们周末我们要办一个晚会。 【注意】 在由if引导的条件状语从句中，主句是过去将来时，if从句只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：They said that they would go fishing if it didn’t rain the next day. 【巧学妙记】 should, would加原形，“过去将来”就构成。过去将来不独立，经常用于“宾从句”。 过去认为将发生，过去将来时态用。过去将来不单行，只可用于从句中。 【巩固练习】 1. I saw Sam and David on the playground yesterday afternoon. They _______games with their classmates then. A. play B. will play C. are playing C. were playing 2. John always _______others when they are in trouble. A. help B. was helping C. helps D. helped 3. —Where is Mr Black? I have something important to tell him. —You can’t find him. He _______ Hong Kong. A. will go to B. would go to C. has gone to D. has been to 4.—Have you ever been to Shanghai? —Yes. I _______ there a few months ago. A. have been B. went C. have gone D. go 5. —Shall we go shopping now? — Sorry, I can’t. I ________my shirts. A. wash B. am washing C. washed D. have washed 7. Bob ________the plants while his father was cooking dinner. A. will water B. was watering C. is watering D. has watered 8. I _______ my hometown for a long time. I really miss it! A. left B. went away from C. have left D. have been away from 9. There _______ some flowers on the teacher’s desk just now, but now there _______ nothing on it. A. have; has B. were; was C. were; is D. has; has 10. —I called you at 4: 00 yesterday afternoon, but no one answered. —Sorry, I _____ with my friends at that time. A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. was swimming 11. —Do you have any plans for tonight? —Yes, I _________at the new Italian restaurant in town. A. eat B. have eaten C. ate D. am going to eat 12. —I don’t know if Eric _______this Sunday. If he ________here, I’ll call you at once. A. will come; will come B. come; comes C. comes; will come D. will come; comes 13. John and I ________to visit his grandparents last Sunday afternoon. A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone 14. I ________football quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 15. Look on the bright side of the life, and imagine that you _________ a happy and successful future. A. had B. will have C. have D. have had 16. We ________all our money on the clothes, so let’s walk home now. A. have spent B. spend C. spent D. are spending 17. Don’t disturb Allen now. He _________for the Spelling Bee competition. A. prepares B. prepared C. is preparing D. will prepare 18. Stop smoking, Joe! You _________(kill) yourself if you keep on doing it like that. 19. They _____ friends since they met in Shanghai. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had 20. We all know that ice ___________.A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold 【链接中考】 1. (2017.泰安) With the development of science and technology, robot cooks ______in our families in the future.A. appear B. appeared C. will appear D. is appearing 2. (2017. 烟台) —Look at my new smart phone. —Wow, it’s so cool. When and where _______you _______buy it. A. do; buy B. have; bought C. did; buy D. have; had 3. （2017.菏泽）—She_________tenyearsago． —Youmeanshe________himfortenyears？ A. married； has got married to B. got married； has got married with C. got married； has been married with D. got married； has been married to 4. (2017.莱芜) —I didn’t see your father yesterday when I went to your house. —Oh, he _________strawberries on the farm. A. Picks B. picked C. was picking D. has picked 5. (2017. 潍坊) A little effort every day, you ________a big difference . A. makes B. made C. have made D. will make 6. (2017.日照) New media, like WeChat, _________the way of communications nowadays. A. are changing B. will change C. changed D. were changing 7. (2017.东营) Since I came here, I __________(discover) something else interesting. In the future, I _________(go) to many other parts of China.、 8. (2017.四川) —Did you hear someone knocks at the door just now? —Sorry, I __________ to my friend on the phone. 9. (2016.滨州) A truth friend r________ for your hands and touches your heart. 10. (2015.东营) while he______ (prepare) for the race, he fell ill suddenly and was sent to the hospital. 11. （2014.东营动词填空）It was 7:30 in the evening, she (1)______ still______(work) in the fields. She is much busier than my father. Every day she (2)______(get) up early at 4:00 in the morning, and keeps on working till evening. One day I (3)______(call) her at eight in the evening. She said, “I’ve just got home from the vineyard and (4)______(not have) supper yet. I (5)______(wash) the clothes now.” 12. (2013.东营）The Dongying-Hainan airline for about 5 months. I have taken the flights three times. A. is open B. has opened C. has been open D. has been opened 13. （2012.东营）There a football match and a concert this weekend. Which one would you like to go? A. is B. are C. will be D. will have 14. （2010.东营） “I’ll pay him as soon as he the TV set to my home.” said the man. A. sends B. sent C. is sending D. will send 15. （2014.聊城）—May I speak to Ann? — Sorry, she isn’t in. She ________France. A. has gone to B. has been to C. was going to D. goes to 16. (2011.东营) I_______( wait) for the elevator when I heard the man call. 17. (2010.淄博) Peter usually w_________ his clothes on weekends. 18. (2013. 青岛）An advertisement sometimes ______________(lead) customers to buy something they don’t need at all. 19. （2013.滨州）—Shall I tell Tom the good news? — No, you needn’t. I ________(tell) him already. 20. (2016.北京) A new road __________(built) near my school next year. 专题复习八 语态 纵观近几年东营的中考试题，语态题大多以动词填空形式出现，很少出现在单选。动词填空中几乎每年都考察到被动语态的题，多涉及到一般过去时、一般将来时、一般现在时的被动语态。 【基础知识梳理】 考点1 被动语态的构成 一、被动语态由“主语+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词有时态、人称和数的变化。 常考被动语态的构成 结构 例句 一般现在时： 主语+am/is/are+过去分词 The classroom is cleaned every day. 教室每天都打扫。 一般过去时： 主语+was/were+过去分词 Our school was built in 1998. 我们的学校在1998年建造。 一般将来时： 主语+will+be+过去分词 The sports meeting will be held tomorrow. 运动会明天举行。 现在完成时： 主语+has/have +been+过去分词 The bank has been built. 银行已经建成了。 过去将来时： 主语+ would + be +过去分词 Ann told me she would be sent to America. 安告诉我她将被派往美国。 含有情态动词的被动语态： 主语+情态动词+be+过去分词 The bike can’t be put here. 这辆自行车不能被放在这里。 二、主动语态变被动语态的方法 第一步：先确定主动句的主、谓、宾，找出其中的谓语动词。 第二步：把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变为被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词，应把宾格变为主格。 第三步：把主动句中的谓语动词变为“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。 第四步：把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语（没必要说出动作的执行者时可省略），若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变为宾格。 考点2 被动语态的几种特殊形式 1. 主动句中感官动词see/hear/watch/feel等和使役动词make/let/have等后跟省略to的动词不定式，变为被动语态时应加上不定式符号to。例如 We saw an alien get out of the UFO. → An alien was seen to get out of the UFO. 【注意点】 后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾补部分不变。 对比：We heard Jim playing the guitar in his room. → Jim was heard playing the guitar in his room. 2. 谓语动词后接双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）时， （1）把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变。例如： He gave me a new book. →I was given a new book by him. (2)把直接宾语变主语，间接宾语不变。例如： He gave me a new book. →A new book was given to me by him. 3. 句中谓语是动词短语时，变为被动语态时要注意其完整性。 Jack turned on the TV just now. →The TV was turned on by Jack just now. 4. 带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态时，只须把宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾语补足语仍保留在原处，作主语补足语。例如： Our teacher told us to clean the classroom at once. →We were told to clean the classroom at once by our teacher. 5. 主动表被动 (1) feel, look, sound, smell, taste等系动词的主动语态表示被动含义。例如： The dishes smell so delicious. 菜闻起来真香。 Your idea sounds better. 你的主意听起来更好。 (2)有些动词，如sell, cut, drive, wash, clean, write, open, lock等，作为不及物动词时可以用主动语态表示被动含义。例如： Books of Harry Potter sell well. 《哈利波特》系列的书很畅销。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的钢笔写起字来很流畅。 (3) sth. need/ want/ require doing相当于 sth. need/ want/ require to be done (不定式的被动结构)。例如： Your room needs cleaning. = Your room needs to be cleaned. 你的房间需要打扫了。 (4) be worth doing(值得做) 中的doing表示被动含义。 The movie is worth watching by everyone. 这部电影值得所有人看一看。 6. 不用被动语态的情况 (1)系动词、不及物动词或某些动词短语没有被动语态。 例如：come true; fall asleep; keep quiet; take place等； (2)主动句的宾语是不定式或doing时不能用作被动语态的主语； (3)反身代词或each other不能作被动语态的主语。 7. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 “be + p. p. ”表示动作时是被动语态；“be + p. p. ”表示主语所处的状态时是系表结构。 (1)含有“by + 宾语”结构强调动作执行者，此时为被动语态。例如： The window is broken. 窗户坏了。（系表结构） The window is broken by me. 窗户是我打破的。（被动语态） (2)句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般是被动语态。例如： The door was closed. 门是关着的。（系表结构） The door was closed at 9: 00. 九点钟关的门。（被动语态） (3)系表结构中常用介词搭配，被动语态中没有介词搭配。例如： We’re worried about the boy. 我们担心那个男孩。 (4)系表结构的过去分词可以被副词修饰。例如： I’m really surprised at the news. 我对这个消息真的感到很惊讶。 (5)系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态可用于多种时态。 【巩固练习】 1. A football match between Class Two and Class Three _______ tomorrow afternoon. A. is held B. was held C. must be held D. will be held 2. Look at that sign. Smoking _______ here. A. isn’t allowed B. doesn’t allow C. aren’t allowed D. don’t allow 3. I’m glad to find that many trees _______ in our city last year. A. plant B. planted C. were planted D. are planted