【划重要材料】英语四级考试-虚拟语气和倒装句语法资料大全总集.doc

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1、.*英语四级考试虚拟语气和倒装句语法大全总集语法复习：一、虚拟语气和倒装句 知识总结与归纳： 虚拟语气：是一种与事实（包括过去，现在或将来）完全相反的陈述，表示假设，愿望，怀疑，推测或后悔。虚拟语气主要用于条件从句，让步从句和名词性从句。 虚拟语气句型中常见的动词形式： 1. 动词过去式 2. had done 3. would/could/should/might do 4. would/could/should/might have done 5. were （一）虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的假设的条件句中：表示假设，后悔或推测。 句型结构：If +主语+had been/done.，主语

2、+should/could/might/would + have done. 1. If the illness had been diagnosed a day earlier, it might have made all different. 2. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt. 3. If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped him. （二）虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反的假设的条件句中： 句型结构：If

3、+主语+were / 动词过去式，主语+should/could/might/would +do 1. If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick. 2. If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug. 3. 虚拟语气用在与将来的结果相反的假设的条件句中： 句型结构：If +主语+were to do, 主语+should/could/might/would +do If +主语+should do If +主语+动词过去式 （1）If we were to panic, we

4、would not be able to help. （2）If the little girl should take piano lessons, she would have less free time. （3）If I were to live long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor, helping these AIDS patients. 注意：虚拟条件句的从句中如果有助动词were; had或should可以去掉if以后用倒装句语序。 例句： Had I not helped him, he would

5、have failed in business. Should I be free, I would come . Were she my daughter, I could suggest a different plan . 注意：有时候，主，从句所描述的时间范围不一致，则根据具体语境调整动词的形式。 例句： If he had caught the train, he would be here by now. You would speak English well enough, if you had practiced every day. （四）虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用： 1.

6、 用在与without, but for, but, otherwise短语连用的句型中： 例句： The ship would have sunk with all on board but for efforts of the captain. The rescue arrived in time, otherwise They would have been frozen to death. 2. 用在Its time 句型中：Its time that 主语+动词过去式 Its time that I went to school and picked up my daughter.

7、3. 在句型as if /though+主语+动词过去式/were/had done 例句： He looked at me as if I were mad . “I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “ and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous person.” It looks as if its going to rain. 4. 用在If only 句型中：表示：要是该多好啊！ （1）If only you hadnt told Jackie what I said, eve

8、rything would have been all right. （2）If only you would listen to reason. 5. 与“命令，建议，要求, 有必要/重要”有关的名词性从句中的谓语动词结构： （1）主动结构：should do （2）被动结构：should be done；（should可以省略） I suggest that he should come another day. The suggestion that the students should learn something practical is worth considering. I

9、 though it necessary that I should stay in the room till he came back. （五）情态动词（should / ought to; could; neednt; would like to等）+have done：表示“本来应该/能够/没必要/很愿意” 1. You could have told us earlier. 2. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week. 3. You ought not to have spent so much time in readin

10、g novels. 4. We need not have been in a hurry to catch the train. 倒装句：倒装句是英语中常见的语法现象，他的使用一是出于语法结构的需要，再就是为了强调句中的某一部分。 （1）当否定副词never; hardly; seldom; nor; neither; little; few; not; not only 在句首，后面接助动词/be +主语的倒装语序。 Never have I realized that water is so precious. Seldom have we seen such big melons. （

11、2）Only+介词短语/状语从句，后面接助动词/be +主语的倒装语序。 Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth. （3）Not until +时间状语（从句）后面接助动词/be +主语的倒装语序。 Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. （4）as / so / neither / nor 在句首表示另一个人或另一种情况也是如此。后面接助动词/be +主语的倒装语序。 Without international cooperation

12、, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. （5）在以here; there; now; out; in; up; down; away 或表示地点的介词短语为句首后面接完全倒装结构（谓语+主语） Among the speakers was Chinas then Premier Zhu Rongj

13、i, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. On a hill in front of them stood a great castle. （6）倒装句在结果状语从句；让步状语从句；时间状语从句中的使用： so / such .that.（如此以致于）将so / such.部分 置于句首： So loudly did he speak that people upstairs could hear him. 表示：“虽然” ：名词 / 形容词，副词 / 动词+as +主语+谓语 Cold as it was

14、, we went out . Bravely as they fought, they had no chance of winning. Child as he is, he knew what was the right thing to do. 表示：“一就”：No sooner had done than +陈述句（过去时） Hardly haddonewhen+陈述句（过去时） Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking. No sooner had we started lunch than th

15、e door bell rang. 【典型例题】 1. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt getD. had driven; wouldnt have got 答案：D 分析：本题考查虚拟条件句的运用。题干You didnt let me drive.告诉我们后面的条件句是一个与过去事实相反的假设，有后悔，埋怨的意思。在这种条件句中主句用would have done， 从句用had

16、 done结构。 2. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 答案：B 分析：本题考查虚拟条件句与倒装句的结合运用。句中时间状语tomorrow以及主句中的would表明该句是对明天天气情况的虚拟假设，表示将来的虚拟条件句的结构为If it should/ were to rain tomorrow。但是条件从句可以去掉连词if，从句用倒装句结构，即：Should it rain tomorrow. 3. Th

17、e captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident _. A. couldnt be preventedB. mustnt have prevented C. wouldnt have been prevented D. shouldnt prevent 答案：C 分析：本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句。根据句义：船长在暴风雨中非常镇静，不然的话一场事故早就不可避免了。前半句描述了事实，而后半句则与过去的事实相反，虽然这部分没有以条件从句的形式出现，但是其内容包含在由连词but; otherwise连接的陈述句中。 4.

18、When the pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 答案：C 分析：本题考查as if 后从句中的虚拟语气的运用。As if/though后面的从句根据句子的语境可以叙述为真实陈述，也可以是与现在或过去事实相反的虚拟陈述。本句描述的内容是与现在事实相反的虚拟陈述应当用一般过去时。 5. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ al

19、l the way here through the heavy snow. A. neednt have driven B. cant have driven C. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven 答案：A 分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。 Neednt have done表示本来没必要。 6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C.

20、 couldnt have leftD. neednt leave 答案：B 分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。 7. It is suggested that a doctor immediately. A. be sent for B. send for C. is sent for D. should send for 答案：A 分析：It is suggested +that从句，从句中谓语动词用should do，或只用动词原形：a doctor与send for之间存在被动关系

21、。 8. Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care, neither. D. I dont care also 答案：B 分析：not在句首表示另一种情况也是如此，句子要进行部分倒装。Nor do I care“我也不在乎”。9. Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers

22、 realize B. the villagers realized C. the villages did realize D. didnt the villagers realize 答案：A 分析：not until放在句首时，句子要进行部分倒装。 10. _ can you expect to get a pay rise. A. With hard work B. Although hard work C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard 答案：C 分析：从谓语动词can you expect to可以看出，它使用了倒装句式

23、，所以要选择能引导倒装的选项。“only+介词短语”引导状语且位于句首时，句子进行部分倒装。一虚拟语气概念 Subjunctive Mood中文译作虚拟语气。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。语法结构1.if结构（非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况） 与.事实相反 If从句 主句 过去 Had done Would* have done 现在 Were/did Would* do 将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadnt been much rain in spring,

24、we would have had a good harvest now.过去 If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. 现在 If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. 将来 备注： （1）上表中*，would都可转换为should、could、might。 （2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadnt taken that drug

25、. 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 (3)if可转换为其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldnt have been so successfully. 过去 （=可转换为：If there hadnt been your advice, we ） Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. 将来 (= 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot

26、 easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.过去 (= 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he .) 2、wish结构 与.事实相反 过去 Had done 现在 Were/did 将来 Would 备注：可转换为其他形式。 例句：He talks as if (好像)he had done all the work himself. 过去 I wish I were a bird. I wish he

27、handn done that. I wish I would be rich in the future. 3、should结构 从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。 例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud. 注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、sugge

28、st表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。 例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him. He insisted that he was honest. 4、would rather 从句 在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。 例句：I would rather you did this instead of me. 5、主语从句中的虚拟语气 1）It be + 形容词 + that （should） 用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, g

29、ood, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising 一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder 2）It be + 过去分词 + that （should） 用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested， ordered， proposed等。 3）It is time（about time， high time）that （过去式动词形式或should动词原形） It is

30、 high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now. 6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同 位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省 略。 例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once. What do you think of his proposal

31、 that we should put on a play at the English evening?三、使用范围及判断 1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。 2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一

32、步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非 真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： 1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。 例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.四、注意事项 1.if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。 3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。