thomasHardy解读.ppt

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1、Quiz:1. My Last Duchess is a poem of _in which a speaker is speaking to a silent listener.2. The Victorian giants of poetry are _, _ and _. 3. Thomas Hardy was not only a novelist but also a _.4.Angel Clare is a main character in Thomas Hardys novel _ 5. Tess is finally captured in _, which is heath

2、en temple.6. Name three of Thomas Hardys novels.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)The last and one of the greatest of Victorian novelistsHis best local-colored works: The Return of the NativeThe Mayor of CasterbridgeTess of the DUrbervilles1.Jude the ObscureHis position on the history of English LiteratureTho

3、mas Hardy is one of the most important novelists in the Victorian Era and the first important poet in the 20th century.In many respects, Hardy was trapped in the middle ground between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, between Victorian sensibilities and more modern ones, and between tradition

4、and innovation. Thomas Hardy(1840 - 1928)Thomas Hardy was born on June 2nd,1840 in Higher Bockhampton, near Dorchester. His father was a master mason(泥瓦匠) and a building contractor. Hardys mother, whose tastes included Latin poems and French romances, provided for his education.Thomas and Jemima Har

5、dyHardys birth placeHardys CottageHigher Bockhampton, Dorchester, DorsetDorchester, County Town of DorsetThomas Hardy was born in Dorset, a rural region of southwestern England that was to become the focus of his fiction. The Wessex of Thomas Hardys novels and poems1848-56 Educated on different scho

6、ols The National School (Church of England) in Lower Bockhampton, the British School in Dorchester. After schooling in Dorchester, Hardy was apprenticed to an architect. He worked in an office, which specialized in restoration of churches. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, for whom 40 year

7、s later, after her death, he wrote a series of poems known as Veteris Vestigiae Flammae (Vestiges of an Old Flame).September 17, 1874 Married Emma Gifford. vIn 1867, Hardy left London for the family home in Dorset, and resumed work briefly with Hicks in Dorchester. Hardy continued his architectural

8、work, but he started to consider literature as his true vocation. Failure -successUnable to find a public for his poetry and following the advice of novelist George Meredith, Hardy decided to write novels. His first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, was written in 1867, but the book was rejected by

9、many publishers and he destroyed the manuscript.vHis first book that gained notice was Far from the Madding Crowd (1874). After its success Hardy was convinced that he could earn his living as an author. He devoted himself entirely to writing and produced a series of novels, among them The Return of

10、 Native (1878) and The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886). Two novels aroused debateTess of the Durbervilles (1891), which deals with the aftermath of rape, came into conflict with Victorian morality. Jude the Obscure (1895), dramatizing the conflict between carnal (肉体的)and spiritual life, aroused even mo

11、re debate.vIn 1896, disturbed by the public uproar over the unconventional subjects of two of his greatest novels, Hardy announced that he would never write fiction again. Hardys marriage had also suffered from the public outrage - critics on both sides of the Atlantic abused the author as degenerat

12、e and called the work itself disgusting. novel - poems After giving up the novel, Hardy brought out a first group of Wessex poems, some of which had been composed 30 years before. During the remainder of his life, Hardy continued to publish several collections of poems. On the death of his friend Ge

13、orge Meredith, Hardy succeeded to the presidency of the Society of Authors in 1909. King George V conferred on him the Order of Merit and he received in 1912 the gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature. 1912 Death of Emma Hardy. February, 6, 1914 Married Florence Dugdale 1928Thomas Hardy died

14、on January 11. His body was buried in Westminster Abbey, whereas his heart was buried in Stinsford Churchyard.Westminster AbbeyPoets CornerHardys novelsThe Poor Man and the Lady, never published Desperate Remedies, 1871 Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872 A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873 The Hand of Ethelberta,

15、 1876 The Trumpet Major, 1880 A Laodicean, 1881 Two on a Tower, 1882The Woodlanders, 1887The Well-Beloved, 1897Wessex Novels -novels of character and environmentUnder the Greenwood Tree (1872) 绿荫下Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)远离尘嚣The Return of the Native (1878) 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)

16、卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders (1887) 林地居民Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure (1895) 无名的裘德Wessex Novels 威塞克斯小说哈代以其故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地区）为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反映了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。威塞克斯小说哈代的“性格和环境小说

17、”，表现出作者对造成威塞克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运的探讨，经历了“命运悲剧” “性格悲剧”“社会悲剧”的发展过程。Novels of character & environmentHis pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. The outside nature is shown as mysterious supernatural

18、 force, uncaring to the individuals will, hopes, passion, or suffering. It likes to play practical jokes upon human beings by producing a series of mistimed actions and unfortunate coincidences.Man proves impotent before Fate, however he tries, and he seldom escapes his ordained destiny. The Dynasts

19、 Hardys three volume epic-drama of the Napoleonic wars, is included. Although Hardy admitted that The Dynasts was written in a form for which there chances to be no brief definition, nearly two-thirds of the work is written in verse. Characteristics of Hardys WritingwHardy is a meditative story-tell

20、er or romancer, as well as a great painter of nature. Naturalism has played an important part in Hardys works.wHis heroes and heroines are all vividly and realistically depicted. Hardys characters have a fascinating ambiguity: they are victimized by a stern moral code, but they are also selfish and

21、weak-willed creatures who bring on much of their own difficulties through their own vacillations and submissions to impulse. wAll works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝

22、德伯家的苔丝 (1891) Tess of the DUrbervilles 德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 (1891) Tess of the DUrbervilles: A Pure WomanIt came into conflict with Victorian morality. It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire.The tragic story of a woman wronged by two men and by the harsh, repressive society in whic

23、h she lives. Hardys most striking and tragic heroine, Tess is a woman of intense vitality and innate goodness, and the authors favorite character.Tess of the DUrbervilles: A Pure Woman : The StoryTess, a poor peasant girl, is seduced by Alec. Then she meets Angel Clare who falls in love with and mar

24、ries her. On their wedding night They tell each other about their past, hoping to be forgiven by each other. But after hearing Tesss confession, Clare leaves her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forces Tess to seek for work at a farm where she is insulted by the master. Her fathers death and the poverty

25、 of her family drive her to seek for assistance from Alec. Tess of the DUrbervilles: A Pure WomanAlec soon resumes his former illicit relations with her. Tess can do nothing but obey.Angel Clare returns repentant and ready to be reconciled to Tess, but Tess finds that her living with Alec hinders he

26、r from returning to Clare. She kills Alec in hatred and despair and then is quickly arrested, tried and hanged. Themes of TessThe injustice of existenceChanging Ideas of Social Class in Victorian EnglandMen Dominating WomenChapter Fifty-Eight:That night, Tess tells Angel about how he carried her whi

27、le sleepwalking, and he regrets that she did not tell him about this earlier, for it might have prevented much misunderstanding and woe. Tess is reluctant to leave their shelter and go toward Southampton or London, for she wonders why they must put an end to all that is sweet and lovely. She says th

28、at what must come will come. Angel decides that they must finally leave the mansion, but Tess wishes to stay, for she believes she will not last more than several weeks. Angel plans to take Tess north, where they can sail from Wessex.They travel northward and reach Stonehenge. Tess wishes to remain

29、there, for Angel used to say that she was a heathen and thus Stonehenge is appropriate for her. Tess asks Angel to look after Liza-Lu if he loses her and to marry her. Tess falls asleep there, and as she sleeps a party of sixteen men surrounds Stonehenge to get Tess. Tess awakes, and asks Angel if t

30、hey have come for her. Tess admits that she is almost glad, for her happiness could not have lasted. She tells them that she is ready. Analysis: For a brief period, Tess and Angel remain happily as husband and wife, yet this happiness is a nearly grotesque one, for the couple essentially has their h

31、oneymoon as they travel as fugitives. And, as both Tess and Angel realize, this period of happiness is short-lived. Tess knows that she will be caught, and thus plans for her husband and her family after her inevitable execution. This emphasizes the theme that Tess is unable to escape her fate; Hard

32、y offers no possibility that Tess and Angel might escape England where Tess might go unpunished. Despite the tragic conclusion to Tess Durbeyfield life, both Tess and Angel accept her fate stoically, for this is a final end to her suffering. Having experienced pain and hardship almost entirely since

33、 leaving home for Trantridge, Tess can only expect more difficulties, even after reuniting with Angel. The only option that Angel has before Tesss demise is to ensure that her end is not protracted. Chapter Fifty-Nine:Angel Clare walks with Liza-Lu, moving hand in hand without speaking. Tess is exec

34、uted for her crime, as justice is done and fate has ended his sport with Tess. As the black flag is raised, Angel and Liza-Lu silently rise, join hands and move on. Analysis:Hardy ends the novel with a brief explanation of Tesss fate that laments the ironic justice that she received. For suffering t

35、hrough Alec dUrberville and the consequences of his treatment toward her, Tess receives the justice of execution for finally reasserting herself in the face of her seducer. Hardy also gives a brief indication of Angels fate; he will presumably marry Liza-Lu in order to make amends to his wife for hi

36、s treatment of herThe analysis of the last two chaptersJustify the ways of “the president of the immortals”The quoted phrase ,referring to the Zeus, Hardy writes ironically when Tess has been hanged ”justice” was done ,and the President of the immortals ( in Aeschylean phrase ) had ended his sport w

37、ith Tess .Here “sports” means “game”.Aeschylus was an ancient Greek playwright.Obviously ,what has taken place is anything but justice ,and Hardy indicates this by placing the word “justice “within quotation marks, and Hardy does not necessarily mean Zeus ,but rather the spirit of the natural univer

38、se ,thought of as a person.StonehengeTess left with AngelShort happy periodPolice came to Stonehenge and caught TessStonehengeStonehengeAt the beginning of the chapter fourteenth , the sun is worshipped in this way “the luminary was a golden haired ,beaming ,mild-eyed ,gold like creature ,gazing dow

39、n in the vigor and intentness of youth upon the earth that was brimming with interest for him .”but when Angel and Tesss sister are walking up the hill to witness Tess execution “the suns rays smiled on pitilessly “(chapter 59)Angel said ;”I think you are lying on an alter .”In ancient myth .Only th

40、e heroes would be coat ,who offered as well regarded as the sacrificial scapecoat ,who offered as well as the prosperity of his state .But Hardy ,regards Tess ,” notorious “woman ,as a heroines ,who offers herself as a sacrifice not to God ,but to the sun.Stonehenge One plausible interpretation of t

41、he symbol of Stonehenge is it represents a pagan world un-eroded by Christian civilization. In Tess Hardy shows his strong revolt against bourgeois civilization and modern religious hypocrisy. He wants to portray Tess as a daughter of Nature, untainted with worldly wickedness or deceit. The backgrou

42、nd Wessex itself, owing to its isolation from the outside world, is where ancient customs and superstitious beliefs die the hardest. At the beginning of the novel, for example, we still see the traditional club-walking of women and girls in white garments with a peeled willow wand in their right han

43、d (Chapter 2). It is perhaps not coincidence that the novel begins with the description of the remnants of an ancient practice and ends with the prehistoric ruins. Such a non-civilized, pre-Christian world accompanies Tess to her end. She spends her last few days among the prehistoric remains, as a

44、truly .free person with her husband, and is arrested while lying asleep peacefully on, one of the stone slabs where primitive people once worshipped the sun.Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess. Here sport means game.Although Hardy

45、 sets out with the conviction that fate and chance play a decisive role in bringing about human tragedies, the realistic unfolding of the story actually defeats his wished-for theme, and bears unmistakable social significances. From the novel, the reader eventually sees that it is the legal, moral a

46、nd religious standards of bourgeois society, and the particular economic conditions of the English peasantry that are the true causes of Tess misfortune. The former, for example, causes Angel to desert Tess, and the latter brings Tess into Alecs trap once again.Some critics, however, argue that Hard

47、y is not entirely a fatalist by pointing to the fact that in Chapter 3 he, through the mouth of Tess, mentions a blighted world.a pure woman This is the subtitle of the novel. In the eyes of the bourgeois class, Tess is a bad woman who has committed both fornication and murder. However, Hardy claims

48、 he is faithfully presenting a pure woman, who is cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin. The ironic subtitle reflects Hardys defiance of religion and Victorian moral standards, and his new ideas on marriage and love.TessTess is a simple, innocent and faithful country girl .

49、She finally becomes the victim of the modern society.Tess is a young woman who tends to find herself in the wrong place at the wrong time. She is a victim.TessBut Tess is also a strong woman throughout the novel. She stands up for herself and refuses to crumble under pressure. She chastises herself for her weakness after her sexual escapade with Alec. She claims that this indiscretion is a moment of weakness.结束结束