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1、精品名师归纳总结2021年全国硕士讨论生入学统一考试英语试卷Section IUse of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best words for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. 10 pointsIn 1924 American NationalResearch Councilsent to engineers to supervise a series ofindustrial experiments at a lar

2、ge telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting1workers productivity. Instead, the studiesended2giving their name tothe“ Hawthorne effect” , the extremely influential idea that the very3to being experimented upon changed subjects b

3、ehavior.The idea arose because of the4behaviorof the women in the Hawthorneplant.According to5of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,butalso whenitwas dimmed.Itdidnot 6whatwas doneintheexperiment 。 7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. An8that they were being e

4、xperimented upon seemed to be9to alter workers behavior10itself.After several decades, the same data were _11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 the descriptions on record, no systematic _13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes

5、in lighting. It turns out that peculiarway of conducting the experiments may be have let to14interpretation of what happed. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output 16rose compared with the previous Saturday and17to rise for the next couple of days.18, a

6、 comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers19to be diligentfor the first few days of the week in any case , before20a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect“ is hard to pin down.1. A

7、affected B achieved C extracted D restored2. A at BupC withD off3. AtruthBsightC act D proof4. A controversialB perplexingCmischievousD ambiguous5. ArequirementsBexplanationsC accountsD assessments6. A concludeB matterC indicateD work7. A as far asB for fear thatC in case thatD so long as8. A awaren

8、essB expectation C sentimentD illusion9. A suitableB excessiveC enough D abundant10. A aboutB forC onD by11. A compared BshownC subjectedD conveyed12. A contrary to B consistent with C parallel withD pealliar to13. A evidence BguidanceCimplicationDsource14. A disputable BenlighteningCreliableDmislea

9、ding15. A In contrastB For exampleC In consequence D As usual16. A dulyBaccidentallyC unpredictably D suddenly17. AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued18. AThereforeBFurthermoreCHoweverDMeanwhile可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结19. AAttemptedBtendedCchoseDintenced20. Abreaking BclimbingCsurpassingDhitingSection I

10、I Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 40 pointsText 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-languagenewspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps t

11、he most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. Not only have many newspapers done away with their book- review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time c

12、lassical-music critics. Even those papers that continueto review fine- arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “ thinkpieces”on culturalsubjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past.It is, I suspect, difficult to the point of impossibil

13、ity for the average reader under the age offortytoimaginea timewhenhigh-qualityarts criticismcouldbe foundinmost big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism publishedin the 20th century, includingVirgilThomson sThe MusicalScene 1945,EdwinDenby sLoo

14、king at the Dance 1949, Kenneth Tynan s Curtains 1961, and Hilton Kramer s The Age the Avant-Garde 1973 consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today isto marvel at the fact that their erudite contents were once deemed suitable forpublicationin general-circulation dailies.We

15、 are even farther removed from the discursive newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint wasdirt-cheap and stylish arts criticismwas considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-of

16、fdays, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.1 Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers whowore their learning lightly,likeGeorge Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they we

17、re about. These men forthey were all menbelieved in journalism as acalling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“ So fewauthors have brains enough or literary giftenough to keep their ownend up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “ thatI am tempted to define journalism as aterm of contempt a

18、pplied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Why, then, are virtuallyall of these criticsforgotten. NevilleCardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime,

19、though, he was also one of England foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography 1947 becamea best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unk

20、nown save to specialists. How is it possible that so celebrated a critic should have slipped into near-total obscurity.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts

21、 reviews. C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by A free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following w

22、ould shaw and Newman most probably agree on. A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according

23、to the last two paragraphs. A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text. A Newspap

24、ers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结methods. A received one for its-click“”onoenline payment syst

25、em. Merrill Lynch got可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation s top patent court appears compleetealydyr to scale back on business-method patents, whichhave been controversial ever since they were fi

26、rst authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In reBilski , as the case is known , is“ a very big deal” , says Dennis D. C

27、rouch of the University Missouri School of law. It“ has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Ba

28、nk case, approvinga patent on a way ofpoolingmutual-fundassets. That rulingproduced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initiallyby emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusivepinhtsto specifictypes ofonlinetransactions. Later, moveestablished companies raced to add such pate

29、nts to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued morethan 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street inves

30、tment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating t

31、hat the case would be heard by all 12 of the courtjusdges, rather than a typicalpanel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its statersutlrinege.t BankThe Federal Circuitactsion comes in the wake ofaseries of recent decisions by thesupremeCount that has

32、narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“ inventions” that areobvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are“ reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supremecourt” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend

33、 attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27. Which of

34、 the following is true of the Bilski case.A Its ruling complies with the court decisionsB It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitD It may change the legal practices in the U.S.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结28. The word“ a-bfaocuetA loss of good willB incre

35、ase of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity” Line 1, Paro 3 mosptrobably means可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsA are immune to legal challengesB are often unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for patent holdersD increase

36、 the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text.A A looming threat to business-method patentsB Protection for business-method patent holdersC A legal case regarding business-method patentsD A prevailing trend against business-method patents Text 3In his book The Ti

37、pping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed,persuasive, or well-connected.The idea is intuitivelycompelling,but it doesn t explain how ideas actually

38、 spread.The supposed importanceofinfluentialsderives froma plausiblesounding but largelyuntested theory called the“ two step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the influentialsand fromthem to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flowbecause it suggests that i

39、f they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds

40、 that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIntheirrecent work,however, some researchers have come up withthe findin

41、gthat influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with theexception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is prim

42、arily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simplydon itnteract withthat many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrityinfluentialswho,according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing thei

43、r friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on。and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has littleto do with the initial influent

44、ial.If people in the networkjust two degrees removed from the initialinfluentialprove resistant, forexample fromthe initialinfluentialprove resistant, forexample the cascade of change won t propagate very far or affect many people.Buildingon the basic truthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,the researchers

45、 studiedthe dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulatinga number of variables relating to people absilityto influence others and their tendency to be可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we callw

46、idespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a- the“ global cascades可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结brand after being exposed to a singleadoptingneighbor. Regardless ofhow influentialan individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to