八年级英语语法点及其重要资料短语.doc

*- 八年级重点语法句型 语法： 1、 动词 1） 情态动词（modal verbs) 情态动词可以用来表示“提议”、“建议”或“请求”等。 情态动词should作“应该；应当；可以”讲，用以表达职责和义务、提出劝告，而且表述的是自己的主观看法。其后动词接原型。例如： a用于表示"应该"或"不应该"的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。 例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 b用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 c用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 情态动词could用于有礼貌地向对方提出要求或请求。 a. 表示“能力”或“可能性”，作为can的过去形式。如： Could you speak English then？ 那时你能讲英语吗？ He said he couldnt follow me. 他说他跟不上我。 b. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等情绪。如： Who could have taken them？ 谁会把它们拿走了呢？ She couldnt have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。 在这种情况下，could和can是可以换用的，用could时口气较缓和，用can时不相信的程度更强一些，两者在时间上没有差别。 c. 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。如： —Could you let me have your passport? —Yes, here it is. —看看你的护照好吗？ —行，这就是。 I could come earlier, if necessary. 如果必要我可以早点来。 这时could和can没有时间上的差别。 2、 过去进行时（past progressive tense） 1）过去进行时的定义 　　过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。如： 　　I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。 　　I was watching TV at home last night. 昨晚我一直在看电视。 2）过去进行时的结构 　　过去进行时由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。如： 　　I was doing my lessons then. 那时，我在做功课。 　　We were cleaning the house. 我们在打扫房子。 3）使用过去进行时应注意的几点 　　(1) 过去进行时可表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作。如： He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 他说他今天下午要去北京。 　　(2) 动词hope, wonder等的过去进行时常用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语气比一般现在时或一般过去时要委婉。如： 　　I was wondering whether you could come to join us. 我想你能否过来跟我们一起活动? 　　(3) 过去进行时中有always, forever, continually, constantly修饰时，表示说话人的赞赏或厌烦的感情。如： He was always thinking of others. 他总是想到人家。 3、 现在完成时（present perfect tense) 1）表示截止现在业已完成的动作 By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到现在为止，我已收集到了我所需的全部资料。 She has read 150 pages today .她今天已看了150页。 We havent met for many years .我们已多年没见了。 They have developed a new product .他们研制成功了一种新产品。 2）表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作 Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚饭了吗? She has been to the United States. 她已去美国了。 You have grown much taller.你长高了许多。 3）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，并可能还要延续 It has been five years since he joined the army .他参军五年了。 They have learned English for eight years .他们已学了八年的英语了。 So far weve only discussed the first five chapters.至今我们还只讨论了前五章。 3、 连词 both ……and:表示“两者都……”。注意：当both……and 连接主语时，后面动词一般要用复数。如：Both Lily and Lucy are right. not only…… but also: “不仅……而且……”。注意：后面动词采用就近原则，与but also后的词保持一致。 如：Not only my parents but also my brother likes the cat. either……or:“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。如：Either you or I am wrong. neither……nor:“既不……也不……" 是 “either……or" 的否定形式。谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 如：Neither you nor he is right. 4、 状语从句 状语从句专题—句法重点 状语从句是中考词汇和句法部分考查的重点内容之一。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等 在复习状语从句时,主要任务是弄清楚引导各种状语从句的连词的用法。现就主要考查点简述如下: 1.引导时间状语从句的连词 　　主要有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as等。其中when while和as都可表示"当……时候",但用法有区别: 　　①when意为"在……时;当……时",可表示"点时间"或"段时间",从句谓语可以是终止性动词,也可以是延续性动词。例如: 　　When I got home, he was having supper. 　　②as意为"边……边……"或"与……同时",重在表示两个动作同时发生。伴随进行。as从句是终止性动词时,主句通常也必须是终止性动词。例如: 　　They sang as they danced. 　　③while只可表示"段时间",从句谓语只限于延续性动词。例如: 　　While I was sleeping, my father came in. 注:从句谓语是持续性动词时,when、while和as可以互换 2.引导原因状语从句的连词 　　原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, for引导?注意as,because,since和for的区别: 　　①如果原因是构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。because引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如: 　　I missed the train because I got up late. 　　注:对于以why开头的问句,一般只能用because引导的从句来回答。 　　②如果原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其余部分重要,就用as或since、since比as稍微正式一些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如: 　　As he was not well,I decided to go there without him. 　　Since this method doesnt work, lets try another. 　　③for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,因此,for引导的从句可以放在括号里,而且for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如: 　　I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry. 3.引导结果状语从句的连词 　　主要有so/such…that…,so that等。 　　1) so...that结构在某种情况下可以与enough to和too...to结构相互转换。例如: 　　She is so short that she cant reach the buttons of the lift. =She is too short to reach the buttons of the lift. 　　2)so that也可以引导结果状语从句,意为"结果是;以致于"。例如: 　　They missed the bus so that they were late for class. so...that...”句型的意思是“如此/这么……以致于……”，常引导结果状语从句，但“so...that...”是个爱“变脸”句型，你一不留意就会出错。“so...that...”句型及其转换也是中考的热点，现将其用法总结归纳如下，让我们一起来看看它是怎样变的吧。 注意： so... that...句型中的so是副词，常常用来修饰形容词或副词，常用句型为：主语+谓语+so+adj. / adv. + that从句。例如： 1. he is so young that she cant look after herself. 2. The boy ran so fast that I couldnt catch him. 3. He was so angry that he couldnt say a word. 在“such... that...”句型中，such修饰名词，意思也是“如此……以致于……”但当名词前有many、much、(a) few、(a) little等词修饰时，句子中要用“so...that...”而不能用“such...that...”。例如： 1. He has so much money that he can buy what he wanted. 2. Ive had so many falls that I have pains here and there. 3. There is litte water in the glass that I cant drink any more. 4引导目的状语从句的连词 so that也可引导目的状语从句,此时可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。例如: 　　He got up early so that he could get to school on time. =He got up early to get to school on time. =In order to get to school on time,he got up early. 5. 引导让步状语从句的连词 though, although 　注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 　 Although its raining, they are still working in the field.　 　虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 　 He is very old, but he still works very hard.　 　虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。 　 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语） 6. 引导条件状语从句的连词 　要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。 　1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. 7．引导地点状语从句的连词 (1)地点状语从句由where，wherever，引导，如： We must camp where we can get water. 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。 （2）地点状语从句与定语从句的区别 where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。如： Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句) 你从何处来到何处去。 Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句，修饰village) 回到你来的那个村子里去。 重点语法：一般将来时态的应用 do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done 一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years. 否定句例句：People (will not/wont) have robots in a few years. 一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years? 特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years? 重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法） do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him. 否定句例句：You shouldnt write a letter to him. 一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him? 特殊疑问句例句：What should I do? 重点语法：过去进行时态 do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done 过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed. 否定句例句：I wasnt walking down the street when a UFO landed. 一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed? 特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed? 动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。 例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed. =While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed. 感叹句 结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词 =(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词 例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]! =How beautiful the flower is! What beautiful flowers [they are]! =How beautiful the flowers are! 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句 结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句 if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句 注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。 例句：Youll have a great time if you go to the party. =If you go to the party, youll have a great time. 重点语法：现在完成进行时态 do/does 的现在完成进行时态形式：have/has been doing do/does 的现在完成进行时态的被动语态：have/has been being done 现在完成进行时态所应用的场合： ①某事从过去发生一直持续到现在都在做 ②过去发生的动作对现在造成影响 例：我已上了三年初中。 I have been in Junior School for 3 years. 自从那次他与我谈过心后，我天天都在进步。 I have been making progress since he talked with me that time. 现在完成进行时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式： 肯定句例句：I have been skating for five hours. 否定句例句：I havent been skating for five hours. 一般疑问句例句：Have you been skating for five hours? 特殊疑问句例句：How long have you been skating? 注意：瞬间动词不能和一段时间连用。 重点语法：mind [ones] doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事 重点语法：询问别人为什么要做或者不做某事 why dont you do sth. = why not do sth. 例句：Why dont you get her a camera? = Why not get her a camera? what about = how about 例句：How about some tennis balls? = What about some tennis balls? 重点语法：现在完成时态 do/does 的现在完成时态形式：(have/has) done do/does 的现在完成时态的被动语态：(have/has) been done 现在完成时态主要强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响。 例句：我去年去过美国，那是我第一次出国。 I have ever been to America. Its the first time for me to go abroad. 重点句型短语 in five years on computer on paper live in as a reporter free time fall in love with … like doing sth keep a parrot want sb. to do sth.　　 play one’s stereo　 stay at home argue with sb / have an argument with sb.　　　　　 be out of style　　 write sb a letter/write to　　　 talk about　　　　　 　 on the phone surprise sb.　　 pay for　　 get a part-time job　 borrow sth. from sb.　　　 get out (of)　　　 in front of / in the front of　　　　 take off　　　 buy for land on　　　　　 shout to / at　　 run away　　　 come in　　　 hear about the Museum of Flight happen to　　　 stop doing　　　　　 take place　　　　　 as... as first of all 　　　　 pass on 　　　　 be supposed to 　　　 do better in 　　 be in good health 　　　 report card 　　 get over　　 open up 　 care for　　 have a party for sb.　 be mad at sb all the time　 　　 一直，始终 　 in order to 　　　　为了 have a party 　　　 举行聚会 　 go to college　　　上大学 be famous for 　　　因……而著称 in fact　 　　　　　事实上 laugh at 　　　　　 嘲笑 too much　 　　　　 太多 get exercise 　　　 锻炼 travel around the world 　　周游世界 work hard 　　　　　努力工作 wear jeans 　　　　 穿牛仔裤 get an education　 获得教育 in fact　 　　　　　　 其实；实际上 run out of　 用完；用尽 by the way　　　　　 　顺便；附带说说 be interested in 　　 对……感兴趣 more than 　　　　　　 比……多 　 make a list of 　　　　列清单 thanks for doing sth. 感谢某人做了某事 think of / about sth. 想起某事 not at all 　　　一点也不　 turn down　 　 　调节(收音机等)使音量变小 right away 　　　立刻；马上　　 wait in line　 　排队等候 cut in line　　　插队 　　 keep down　 　 　控制 at first　 　　　首先 　　 break the rule　不服从；不遵守 put out 　　　　 熄灭 　　 put on 　　　　　穿上 pick up　 　　　 捡起 　　 even if　 　　　 即使 fall asleep 　 入睡　　 give away 　　　 赠送　　 rather than 　　 胜于　 hear of 　 听说 take an interest in 　对……感兴趣　　 make friends with 　　与……交友 Unit1： When was she born? She was born in 1996. How long did David stand in a box of ice? When did he start writing? How old was Mo Yan when he left school? Why was he famous?/what made him famous? with great talent street artist paint pictures on the ground get in trouble win the Nobel Prize in Literature expect to do sth. all over the world pen name ;real name be born into a farmer’s family drop out of school try every means to do sth. with sth.(no more books) at hand He read it so many times that he found several mistakes in it. join the army become famous be made into a film become interested in his works short story too… to ride a bike spend time with sb.(spend其它用法) win a skating competition enjoy doing sth. become seriously ill have bad health keep on doing sth. take piano lessons give concerts touch the heart of sb. break up personal information What do you think of our school? kind of strict happen to sb. feel unsure of sth a good starting point turn to sb. more and more+adj walk through the door come over have a secret feeling of fear stand in a corner help sb. do sth. pass the time make small talk wait in line break the ice depend on give sb. a chance to do sth. on vacation trek through the jungle take it easy in general some day as soon as possible come true thousands of so that quite a few on the other hand hold on to one’s dream in the future I like places where the weather is always warm. Where would you like to go？ in this season at this time of year It’s convenient to do sth. take the underground train pack light clothes provide sth. for sb. /provide sb. with sth. be willing to do sth. achieve one’s dream find it difficult to do sth. the secret to language learning be afraid to do sth. body language the expressions on the faces key words be interested in look up the word in the dictionary ask sb. for help work with friends make word cards listen to tapes How do you study for a test? I study by… improve my speaking skills spoken English It’s hard to do sth. give a report get the main idea at first word by word It takes time. The more you read, the faster you’ll be. because of poor pronunciation fall in love with have a better understanding of sth. be born with have sth. in common get bored take notes draw mind maps the Lantern Festival the Dragon Boat Festival the Water Festival eat five meals a day put on five pounds lose weight in two weeks be similar to... throw water at each other in the shape of... folk stories lay out the story of Chang，e refuse to do sth have good luck in the new year end up end up with share sth with sb as a result one ... the other... care about dress up haunted house play a trick on sb. give out give up trick or treat light candles the importance of… take sb around…=show sb around… warn sb to do sth. warn sb not to do sth the beginning of new life remind sb of … promise to do sth. treat sb. with. go along turn left go past the bookstore be between A and B go to the second floor be excited to do sth. You don’t need to rush. hold my hand serve delicious food pass by Could you please tell me when/how/where…? Do you know where I can buy some medicine? in different situations how well they