八年级下册英语重要学习知识资料点归纳.doc

八年级下册英语重要知识点归纳 M1 重要语法：感官性系统词：feel(摸起来)、look(看起来) 、smell(闻起来)、 taste(尝起来 ) sound(听起来),后接形容词作表语，不能接副词。构成疑问句或否定句要借助助动词。 The silk dress feels soft. The flowers look very beautiful. Does it smell nice? The song doesn’t sound be noisy. 对名词或名词短语感叹用what 2. What a delicious smell! 多么香啊！ 感叹句结构：①What+ a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+（主语+谓语）！ What an interesting book it is! ②What+形容词+不可数名词/复数名词+（主语+谓语）！ What bad weather it is today! 对形容词、副词或动词感叹用how What good students they are! ③ How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语！ How fast he is running! How delicious it smells! How I miss the days we spent together!我多么怀念我们一起度过的日子！ 3.I’m afraid+句子:恐怕…… I’m afraid he has no time today. 4. be done 做好了 Is your homework done?你的作业做好了吗？ Dinner is done!晚饭做好了！ 5. have a try 试一试；尝一尝 6.have a sweet tooth 喜好甜食 7.thanks for=thank you for+名词/动词-ing。因……而感谢你。 Thanks for your help.=Thanks for helping me . Thank you for inviting me to your party. 8. hear from…=get /receive a letter from…收到……的来信 9.can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待去做某事 I can’t wait to see you. 10.人+ spend+时间（in）doing sth.。=It takes +人+时间+to do sth. 某人花费多少时间做某事 He spent two days (in) reading the novel.=It took him two days to read the novel. 11.too也（置于句末，前加逗号） also也(置于居中be或情态动词之后) as well也（置于句末，前不加逗号） 12.be proud of…以……为豪 My parents are proud of me. 13. How do you feel about+名词/动词-ing？=What do you think of+名词/动词-ing？你觉得……怎么样？ How do you feel about the film?=What do you think of the film? How do you feel about coming to China?=What do you think of coming to China? 14. be afraid of+名词/动词-ing：害怕…. I am afaid of dog/going out at night. be afraid of doing sth.=be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 She is afraid of sleeping alone at night.= She is afraid to sleep alone at night. 15. What does sb. look like?某人长得怎么样（问外表） 答：short/tall/young/pretty… What is sb like?某人性格怎么样？（问性格或品质） 答：quiet/nice/strict/kind.. -What does your English teacher look like? -He is tall with pair of glasses. -What is your English teacher like? -He is strict but friendly. M2 重要语法： 现在完成时（一）：描述过去已经、曾经或还没有做过某事的经历或体验，对现在造成的影响。 结构：have/has +动词过去分词——(否定) haven’t/hasn’t +动词过去分词 含义：已经/曾经做过… 还没有做过… 标志词：already、ever、never、yet、just等。 I have seen the movie.我已经看过这部电影。（我现在了解该电影了。） He has already finished his homework.他已经完成了作业。（他可以交作业了） We haven’t had dinner yet. 我们还没有吃晚饭。 （我们现在饿） Have you ever entered a speaking competition?你曾经参加过演讲比赛吗？（变一般疑问句把have/has 提到句首） Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. 2.enter a competition=take part in a competition参加竞赛 3.help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人做某事 He often helps me learn English. 4. afford sth.买得起某物 I can’t afford the new bike. afford to do sth. 付得起钱去做某事 =have enough money to buy sth. She can’t afford to go to school.她没钱去上学。 5. stop to do sth.=stop and then do sth.停下来去做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事 I’m tired. Let’s stop to have a rest.我累了。让我们停下来休息一下吧！ It’s time for class now. Let’s stop talking.上课时间到了！让我们不要讲话了！ 6. make up编写 make up a story编故事 make it/them up (代词要放中间) 7.invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事 8. fifteen-year-old十五岁的（复合形容词中的名词不能加s ,作定语） fifteen years old 十五岁 （短语，不能作定语，常作表语） He is fifteen years old.=He is a fifteen-year-old boy. 9.at the moment =now此刻（常用于现在进行时中） 10. have/has been to+某地：曾经去过某地（人已经回来，常与次数连用） have/has gone to +某地：到某地去了（人未回，不能与次数连用） have/has been in +某地：在某地呆/逗留（常与for +时间段连用） I have been to Hong Kong twice. He isn’t here now. He has gone to the USA. We have been in China for 20 years. 11. be different from…与…..不同 12.find it +形容词+ to do sth. 发现做某事是….的（it 是形式宾语，无义，替代后面不定式）I find it easy to learn maths. 我发现学数学很容易。 Tony finds it hard to speak Chinese. 托尼发现说汉语很难。 13. so far到目前为止（常用于现在完成时）So far I have learnt 3，000 English words. 14. all over the world=around the world 全世界 15.count down 倒数 M3 1. already已经（常用于现在完成时肯定句句中或句末）I have already known him yet尚，还（常用于现在完成时否定句或疑问句句末）Has it arrived yet？ just 刚刚（常用于现在完成时肯定句句中）They have just arrived. 2. What are your up to?=What are you doing?你在忙什么？ 3.I’m not sure how to make it.= I’m not sure how I can make it. 4. That’s why ….那就是……的原因了。 5. in order to+动词原形：为了… He works so hard in order to get the best score. so that+句子=in order that+句子：为了… He works so hard so that (in order that) he can get the best score. 6. there is——(现在完成时形式)there has been 已经有/存在 there are——(现在完成时形式)there have been已经有/存在 There have been many buildings in our village since 15 years ago. 7.go around围绕……转 8. none of +名词复数/宾格+动词（单/复形）：……没有一个（既指人也指物） no one +动词（单）=nobody（仅指人，不与of 连用，常用于who提出的问题） None of the students know(s) the anwer. 没有一个学生知道答案。 -How many people are there in the room? –None.一个也没有（强调数量） No one knows the answer. –Who’s in the classroom?- No one.没有人（强调有没有人） 9. be called…被称为…… 10.a small part of… …….的一小部分 11.communicate with…与……联系 12.finish doing sth.完成做某事 13.write back回信 M4 重要语法： 1.现在完成时（二）：描述一个动作或状态从过去持续到现在乃至将来有多长时间。常与 “for+时间段/since+时间点”、so far、recently（最近）、in the last 10 years（最近十年）等表示持续的时间连用，也用于how long问句中。 I have learnt English for 6 years. He has lived here since he was born. China has changed a lot in the last 30 years. How long have you learnt English? 特别注意：在现在完成时（二）中，与 “for+时间段/since+时间点”或how long问句中，动词必须为可延续性动词（learn, stay, live …），不能为短暂性动词(buy, borrow, die…),若为短暂性动词则要转换成延续性动词或短语。如：buy – have borrow----keep/have leave----be away die----be dead come/go/reach—be in join the party------be in the party…… 错误： I have bought the bike for 3 days.(buy 为短暂性动词，不能与for +时间段连用) 正确： I have had/kept the bike for 3 days.(将buy改为延续性动词have 2. （问）-- How long…?多久…..? （答）---For +时间段/since+时间点。 How long have you been like this? 你这样多久了？ I have been ill for about three days.我生病大约三天了。 3.catch a cold感冒 have a fever发烧 take one’s temperature测量某人的体温 do exercise锻炼 fast food 快餐 not usually 不经常 three times a day一天三次 4. be harmful to …对…..有害 Playing computer games is harmful to your eyes. 5. by doing…通过做…. decide（not） to do sth. 决心（不）做某事 in excellent /bad condition 身体状况良好/差 ride to work=go to work by bike 骑车上班 arrive at/in=get to = reach到达 with a smile on one’s face 面带笑脸 go for a run去跑步 feel awful 感到不适 all over 浑身；遍及 6. too…to…太……而不能…… The boy is too young to go to school. 7.choose sb. to do sth.选择某人去干某事 on the way在路上 M5 1.It’s time to (动词)do sth.=It’s time for（名词）sth.该做某事的时候了。 It’s time to have class.=It’s time for class. play games.= games. eat dinner.= dinner 2.fight （fought foutht）sb.打某人 fight with sb.与某人打架 fight for…为……而战 3. fly through 飞越 climb up 爬上 4. I want to be someone like him.我想成为想他那样的人。 5. keep doing something不断做某事 keep sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事 keep sb from doing sth. =stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 Keep trying, and you’ll succeed（成功）. 不断尝试，你就会成功！ 6. can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 She couldn’t help crying when she heard the news. I can’t help missing you when I see the photos. The little boy can’t help dancing with the rock music. 7.over=more than超过 8.win the heart of sb.赢得某人的心 The boy won the heart of the beautiful girl. 9.make a terrible mess 弄得一团糟 10.expect to do sth. 期待做某事 I expect to see you soon. 11.ever since +句子(一般过去时)常用于现在完成时） We have known each other ever since we were young. 12. in the 1980s在二十世纪八十年代 in 1980 在1980年（没有the 和s） 13.find real life hard to understand=find it hard to understand real hard 发现现实生活难以理解 find +宾格+形容词+ to do…=find it +形容词+to do+宾格：发现做…是…的 14. as well as=with/and also和；以及；也；像……一样好 He can speak English as well as French.他会说英语，也会说法语。 Tony as well as his parents lives in China now.托尼和他的父母现在住在国。 （动词要根据就远原则，与as well as 前的主语人称和数一致） I can speak English as well as him.我的英语说得想他一样好。 15.come to life 复活/恢复生气 16.be popular with sb.收到某人的欢迎 17.几种时态区别: 时态 概念 谓语动词形式 时间标志词 一般现在时：经常发生或习惯性地动作 动词原形/三单 often usually sometimes every day/week… 一般过去式： 过去发生的动作或状态 动词过去式 yesterday …ago just now ,last week/year… 现在完成时：①已经或曾经干过某事，对现在的影响 have/has+过去分词 already yet just never…. ② 过去发生的动作持续到现在或将来有多久。 for+时间段、since+时间点，so far, rencently… M6 1. take up ①占据（空间/时间） The desk took up too much room. Playing computer games has taken up most of his time. ② 从事 He took up art at school. 他在学校教美术。 2. find somewhere to sit down 找地方坐下 3. a bit of +不可数名词= a little of a bit of food/orange juice… a bit of a mess有点乱 a bit +形容词/副词= a little a bit tired/hungry… 区别：not a bit:一点也不 not a little: 很/非常 4. must 一定（表推测） It must be really valuable. 他一定很值钱。 5. as+(形容词/副词)原级+as: 像……一样… He is as tall as his brother. 否定：not as… as… 不如….. Tom is not as tall as his brother. 6. in one’s life在（某人）一生中 7. make sb./sth. +动词原形：使某人/某物做某事 Don’t make me laugh. The boss made the worker work for a long time. 类似：let sb./sth. +动词原形：让某人/某物做某事 8. grow as a person 长大成人 9. some…others…一些……另外一些…… 10. develop one’s interest 培养某人的兴趣 11. as well as=besides 除了…..之外，还包括…. As well as Tom, his parents came to the party.汤姆和他的父母都来参加了这个聚会。 12. encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事 13. come out 出版；外出； 14. as a result结果 as a result of….由于…….=because of…… He didn’t work hard, as a result, he didn’t pass the exam. 15. be interested in+名词/动词-ing: 对……感兴趣 I am very interested in maths. Are you interested in dancing? 16. sb. spend+时间+doing sth. 某人花费多少时间做某事。 = It takes sb.+时间+ to do sth. He usually spends lots of time playing computer games. =It usually takes him lots of time to play computer games. M7 1. prepare for…为…..做准备= get ready for 2. make a list of…列……的清单 3. get … ready把……准备好 4.It sounds crazy. 这听起来很荒唐。 5. I don’t know what to take.（简单句= I don’t know what I should take.（复合句） 6. at the end of 在…..的尽头/结尾 7. Is 200 dollars enough?（金钱、时间、距离做主语时，视作单数） 50 years is long time. 100 metres is a short distance. 8. had better +动词原形：最好做某事 You had better stay home at night. 否定：had better not +动词原形：最好不要做某事：You’d better not go out now. 9. by the way 顺便说一下 go crazy 变疯 in a group of 20二十人一组 10.① offer sb. sth.= offer sth. to sb.向某人提供某物 He offered the poor lots of food and water. ② offer to do sth. 自愿去做某事 They offered to help me. 11. learn about了解 at the same time同时 be well trained受过良好培训 depend on 依赖；取决于 14. provide sb. sth.提供某人某物= provide sb. with sth./provide sth. for sb. 15. set tests安排考试 form close friendships with… 与…..结成亲密的友谊 stay in touch with…和……保持联系 take trips to…到……去旅行 at least至少 fill out填写 M8 1. 重要语法：宾语从句：在复合句中充当宾语的句子。 本模块重点：由that引导的宾语从句，that 无义，可省, 后接陈述句作宾语。 宾语从句复合句=主句 + 引导词 + 宾语从句。 I can hardly believe (that) we’re in the city centre. Tony guesses that the park is very popular. Lingling suggests that they spend the day there. Lingling doesn’t think the park will be busy. 主句和从句的时态关系： ①主句：一般现在时 从句：需根据实际情况用不同时态 Shesays(that)sheworksfromMondaytoFriday.（从句为一般现在时） Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk. （从句为一般将来时）My grandparents often tell me they lived a hard life in the past.（从句为一般过去时） Xiaoming says he has already finished his homework. （从句为现在完成时） ②主句：一般过去时 从句：一般过去时/过去时的某种时态 He said(that) there were no classes yesterday afternoon. （从句用一般过去时） Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthebaby.（从句用过去将来时） Our teacher told us he had taught here for 20 years. （从句用过去完成时） ③特殊情况：从句描述的是客观事实、真理、科学名言警句等不以时间改变而改变的事实时，不管主句为何种时态，从句总是用一般现在时。 Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound. 他说光比声音传播得快) The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun. （客观事实） Shesaid(that)herfatheristwenty-eightyearsolderthanher. （客观事实） My father told us(that) nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it.（客观真理） 注意：当主句的谓语动词是think或believe，宾语从句要表达否定时，要把从句的否定转移到主句上。 IdontthinkheisgoingtohelpyouwithyourEnglish. We don’t believe that we have won the basketball match. 2. hardly 几乎不= almost not He can hardly believe the result, can he?（前否后肯） 3. so …that… 如此……以至于…… The little boy is so young that he can’t go to school. =The little boy is too young to go to school. = The little boy is not old enough to go to school. so that …以便；为了=in order thar He got up early so that he could catch up the early bus. 4. hear sb./sth.+动词原形：听见某人/某物（经常/过去）做……. hear sb./sth.+动词-ing: 听见某人/某物正在做……. I often hear her play the piano in her room. I heard her play the piano in her room last night. I hear her playing the piano in her room now. 5. be famous for因……而著名 be famous as+职业/身份：作为……而出名 This park is famous for its lake. Luxun is famous as a writer. 6. allow doing sth.允许做某事 They dont allow smoking here allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事 His parents allowed him to go out with me. allow+that从句：He allowed that they were right. 他承认他们是对的 7. It’s better (for sb.) to do sth.（对某人来说）最好去做某事。 It’s better for you to stop smoking.=You had better stop smoking. 8. point out指出 point at/to…指着（近物/远物） 9. at the top of 在……的顶部 move about四处走动 10. promise to do sth.答应做某事 He promised to help us. promise not to do sth. 保证不做某事 Tony promised not to talk in class. promise +that 从句: My parents promise that they will buy me a new shirt. 11.have a wonderful time玩得开心magic land 仙境 square kilometer 平方公里 by a small lake 在小湖边 wake sb. up 唤醒某人 12. without doing …没有做….. We came out without making any noise. 13.It is a pity that+从句。真遗憾….. It’s a pity that you have missed the party. 14.walk down the path 顺路而下 15.put leaves off plants 从植物扯下叶子 16. the second largest 第二大…. (the +序数词+最高级：第几最…..) 17.fall asleep入睡 M9 基本结构：主句+if/whether+宾语从句（用陈述语序） 1.重要语法：①if/whether 引导的宾语从句复合句，if/whether意为“是否”，用在将直接引语（说话人说得话）为一般疑问句的简单句转化为间接引语（转述他人的话）的复合句中做引导词，转化后需将一般疑问句变为陈述句，即陈述语序。 （直接引语）“Are you a teacher?” he asks. （间接引语）He asks if/whether I am a teacher. （直接引语）“Have you finished your home work?”the teacher asked him. （间接引语）The teacher asked if/whether I had finished my home work. 间接引语也就是if/whether 引导的宾语从句 He wants to know if it will rain tomorrow. I don’t know whether he is at home or not. 注：if 和whether 一般情况下可以互换使用，但如下情况，不能用if,只能用whether: ⑴在动词不定式之前只能用whether I dont know whether to accept or refuse（拒绝）. ⑵在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。 Let me know whether you can come or not. ⑶ 在介词后，只能用whether。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. ⑷宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。 Whether it is true or not, I cant tell. ⑸用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如用whether可避免歧义。 ②特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句（what/where/when/which/why/how/how many…） 基本结构：主句+特殊疑问词+宾语从句（用陈述语序） 直接引语为特殊疑问句的简单句转化为间接引语复合句时，用原来的特殊疑问词作引导词，但后面需改为陈述句，即陈述语序。 （直引）“What’ s your name?”Mr. Li asks me. （间引）Mr. Li asks what my name is. （直引）“Why did he ask for help?” he asked. （间引）He asked why he asked for help. 间引即为特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。 Where does he come from? I don’t know.（合并句子） I don’t know where he c