人教出版2016年度中考英语复习资料总汇.doc

,. 2016年中考英语复习资料总汇 （1）名词考点集汇，讲解和训练 一、名词 【考点直击】 1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法； 2．名词所有格的构成及用法； 3．近义名词的辨析。 【名师点睛】 一、名词的数 1．单数和复数 　 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下： 　（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。 　（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。 　（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。 　（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。 　（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。 　（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。 　　复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。 　　复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法 情　况 读法 例　词 在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 [s] cups, hats, cakes 在[s][z][t][][F]等音后 [iz] glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces 在[b][d][ ][v]等浊辅音后 [z] beds, dogs, cities, knives 　（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。 　　【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men　workers， women teachers。 　　有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。 　（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。 　（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。 　（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。 　（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有： 　　科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 　　游戏名称：bowls 　　专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 　　其他名词：news, falls 2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法 　　在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法： 　（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如： 　　The rich man has a lot of money． 　　There is some milk in the bottle． 　　Is there any water in the glass？ 　　I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice． 　（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如： 　　a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread 　　a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea 　　a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice 　　如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如： 　　two cups of tea 　　four pieces of paper 　　three glasses of water 　　不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。 二、名词的所有格 　　名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。 1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是s，例如：a students room, students rooms, fathers shoes。 2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。 3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。 4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。 5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers。 【注意】 　　如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Toms and Marys bikes（两人各自的自行车）。 　　两个名词并列，只有一个s，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。 【实例解析】 1.（2004年上海徐汇区中考试题） These _________ have saved many children’s lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor 答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。 2. (2004年河北省中考试题) This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s 答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s。 3. (2004年吉林省中考试题) ---Are there any ________ on the farm? ---Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。 4. (2004年佛山市中考试题) ---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange? ---Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。 【中考演练】 一. 单项填空 1．--- Where have you been, Tim? 　 --- I’ve been to ______. 　A. the Henry house B. the Henry family 　C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s 2．In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. 　A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner 3．You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ . 　A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once 4．--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ? 　 --- Certainly. 　A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water 　C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 5．Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday. 　A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear 6．There is some _______ on the plate. 　A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears 7．In England, the last name is the _______ . 　A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name 8．The are going to fly _______ to Beijing. 　A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans 9．The______ has two _______ . 　A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch 10．The little baby has two _______ already. 　A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 11．What’s your _______ for being late again? 　A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news 12．--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly. 　　--- But I think we should let _______ go out first. 　A. woman and children B. women and child 　C. woman and child D. women and children 13．--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop. 　　--- Thanks. 　A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS 　C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING 14．Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ? 　A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day 　C. Childrens Day D. Children Day 15．Where are the students? Are they in _______ ? 　A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room 二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。 1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library. 2. Please turn to another _______（频道）, I don’t like this show. 3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather. .4. Autumn is my favourite (季节) 5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have? ---Three. 6. __________ are widely used in the modern world. 7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day. 8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you. 9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice? ---Yes. It’s wonderful! 10. May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work. 三. 根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。 1. “What’s your n_______?” “Li Lei.” 2. How many d_______ does your uncle have? 3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside. 4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________. 5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world. 6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival. 7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living. 8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air. 9. Health is more important to me than m_______. 10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now. 【练习答案】 一．1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 二．1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives 6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’ 三．1.name 2.daughters 3. window 4. pronunciation 5. inventions 6.parents 7. age 8. hour’s 9. money 10. dangerous （2）形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练 二、形容词和副词 【考点直击】 1. 形容词的用法； 2. 副词的用法； 3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法； 4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。 【名师点睛】 1. 形容词的用法 (1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如： Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语） The fish went bad. （作表语） We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语） (2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。 　 I have something important to tell you. 　 Is there anything interesting in the film. (3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 　 Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. 　 You can take any box away, big or small. (4) the＋形容词表示一类人或物 The rich should help the poor. 2. 副词的用法 (1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。 He studies very hard. （作状语） Life here is full of joy. （作定语） When will you be back? （作表语） 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类： 1)时间副词 时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如： He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow? He is never been to Beijing. 2)地点副词 地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如： I met an old friend of mine on my way home. He went upstairs. Put down your name here. 3)方式副词 方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如： The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully. The birds are flying high. He runs very fast. 4)程度副词 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如： Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well. I can hardly agree with you. 5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如： How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday? Why did you do that? (2)副词在句中的位置 1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如： Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well. 2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如： He usually gets up early. I’ve never heard him singing. She is seldom ill. 3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如： It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didn’t work hard enough. 4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如： On my way home, I met my uncle. The students there have a lot time to do their own research work. (3)部分常用副词的用法 1) very, much 这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如： She is a very nice girl I’m feeling much better now. Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如： I don’t like the idea much. They did not talk much. 2) too, either 这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如： She can dance, and I can dance, too. I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either. 3) already, yet already一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如： He has already left. Have you heard from him yet? He hasn’t answered yet. 4) so, neither so和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。 例如： My brother likes football and so do I. My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I. 3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 (1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物），用比较 级。 　　 Our teacher is taller than we are. 　　 The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class. (2) most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。 　　 Its most dangerous to be here. 　　 在这儿太危险。 (3) "The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..."表示 " 越... 就越..."。 　　 The more you study, the more you know. 　(4) " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 　　 Its getting hotter and hotter. 　(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 　　 This box is as big as mine. 　(6) the + 形容词 表示某种人。 　　 He always helps the poor. 　(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。 　　 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 【实例解析】 1. (2004年北京市中考试题) ---Which is ________, the sun, the moon or the earth? ---Of course the moon is. A. small B. smaller C. smallest D. the smallest 答案：D。该题考查的是形容词的比较等级的用法。因为是 太阳，地球和月亮三者进行比较，选用形容词的最高级，而且最高级之前要加定冠词the。所以选D。 2. (2004年上海徐汇区中考试题) He has made _______ progress this term than before. A. little B. less C. fewer D. much 答案 B。该题考查的是形容词比较等级的用法。因为是现在和过去进行比较，所以要用比较级，又因为是修饰不可数名词，只能用less, 而不能用fewer。 3. (2004年江西省中考试题) ---What delicious cakes! ---They would taste _______ with butter. A. good B. better C. bad D. worse 答案：B。该题考查的是形容词的比较等级。答话人的意思应该是“如果加上点黄油，这些蛋糕会更好吃。”这里就有一种比较：加黄油和不加黄油。既然是比较，就要用比较级。因为这里讲的是好吃和更好吃，所以C,D要舍去，而选better。 4. (2004年河北省中考试题) Bob never does his homework ________ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes. A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as 答案：B。该题考查的是形容词和副词的用法区别。因为该词修饰的是动作“做家庭作业”，所以要用副词。又因为表示一方不如另一方要用句型“not as+副词原级+as”，所以只能选B。 【中考演练】 一. 单项填空 1．There are many young trees on sides of the road. 　 A. every 　B. each 　C. both 　D. all 2．--- It’s so cold today. 　 --- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday. 　 A. more cold 　B. more colder 　C. much colder 　D. cold 3．Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone. 　　A. more　 B. a little　 C. many 　D. few 4．She isn’t so at maths as you are. 　 A. well　 B. good　 C. better　 D. best 5．Peter writes of the three. 　 A. better　 B. best　 C. good　 D. well 6．He is enough to carry the heavy box. 　 A. stronger　 B. much stronger　 C. strong　 D. the strongest 7．I bought exercise-books with money. 　 A. a few; a few 　　B. a few; a little 　 C. a little; a few D. a little; a little 8．The box is heavy for the girl carry. 　 A. too; to　 B. to; too　 C. so; that　 D. no; to 9．The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on. 　 A. long　 B. high　 C. thick　 D. wide 10．Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting. 　 A. so 　B. much 　C. very D. too 11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test. A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily 12. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me. A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry 13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? ---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this. A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as 14. ---This digital camera is really cheap! ---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see. A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive 15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible. A. often B. long C. hard D. soon 16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more 17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes 18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May. ---Right. The government spoke ______ that. A. highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of 19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. ---We know, Miss G