Research-Methods.ppt

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1、 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingResearch methods, continued Theories allow developmentalists to summarize and organize prior observations and allow them to go beyond existing observations to draw deductions. Theories are used to develop HYPOTHESES, predictions stated in a way that pe

2、rmits testing. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingResearch StrategiesCorrelational ResearchSeeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a mathematical score, called

3、a correlational coefficient, that ranges from +1.0 (positive) to - 1.0 (negative). 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingCorrelation A negative correlation informs us that as the value of one factor increases, the value of the other factor declines. IMPORTANT: Finding that two variables are

4、 correlated with one another does NOT prove that one variable causes the other. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingSuppose a study found that watching aggressionon TV is correlatedwith aggressive behavior3 possible correlations 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingTypes of Corr

5、elational Studies Naturalistic Observation - Observing naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation. Case Studies - Intensive in-depth interviews with particular individual or small groups. Survey Research - Ask questions of a group of people chosen to represent a larger popula

6、tion. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingResearch Strategies, continued Experimental Research-research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors. An EXPERIMENT is a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for sub

7、jects or participants.These two different experiences are called TREATMENTS. The group receiving the treatment is known as the TREATMENT GROUP. The CONTROL GROUP is the group that receives either no treatment or alternative treatment. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishing-The formation of

8、treatment and control groups represents the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment. -In contrast, the DEPENDENT VARIABLE is the variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. 2006 Pearson

9、Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingExperimental Research SettingsFIELD STUDY is a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting. LABORATORY STUDY is a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant. 2006 Pearson Education/Pre

10、ntice-Hall PublishingTheoretical and Applied ResearchTHEORETICAL RESEARCH is research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. APPLIED RESEARCH is research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice

11、-Hall PublishingMeasuring developmental changeIn LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH, the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age. -requires a tremendous investment of time -there is the possibility of participant attrition, or loss -participants may become test-wise 2006 Pearson Educa

12、tion/Prentice-Hall PublishingMeasuring developmental change, continuedIn CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH, people of different ages are compared at the same point in time. Differences may be due to cohort effects Selective dropout, where participants in some age groups are more likely to quit participating

13、in the study than others. Unable to explain changes in individuals or groups. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingMeasuring developmental change, continuedIn SEQUENTIAL STUDIES, researchers examine a number of different ages groups over several points in time. -Combines longitudinal and c

14、ross-sectional methods. 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishingchniques For Studying Development 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall PublishingEthics and Research Society for Research in Child Development and the American Psychological Association have developed ethical guidelines for researchers.Freedom from physical and psychological harm.Informed consent from participants.Use of deception must be justified and cause no harm.Maintenance of participants privacy.