考研 医学英语 翻译.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流考研 医学英语 翻译.精品文档.One mans genes show DNA is still mystery The first detailed map of a mans genes shows the genetic code is even more complex than anyone thought. For instance, science still cannot pinpoint what makes a persons eyes blue. Initial study of genome entrepreneur

2、Craig Venters own DAN map shows 4.1 million places where his genetic code is different from the basic “reference” human genome. This is many more than had been expected, including big differences that extend far beyond the single-letter changes that account for much of the variation seen so far. The

3、 researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute in Maryland, along with teams at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and the University of California San Diego, analyzed Venters genetic code to compare it with the rival human genome maps published in 2001 by Venters private company and the publi

4、cly funded Human Genome project. Both the 2001 genomes used DNA from several volunteers, pooled and then sequenced. Writing in the public Library of Science journal PLOS Biology, the researchers said it would also be useful as a rare exercise to thoroughly examine a single persons genome and compare

5、 it to these averages. James Watson, who helped discover the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953, has also had his personal genome sequenced and is offering it to other scientists for study. Both Venter and Watson have said they wanted to serve as examples to a public often afraid of genetic seque

6、ncing, in part for fear of being denied jobs or insurance coverage and in part because of privacy concerns.One thing the researchers wanted to find was if an individuals risk for disease is oneif a person carries the mutated Huntingtons gene, he or she will develop the deadly and incurable disease.

7、But most other diseases are the result of a more complex interaction between genes and environment. Venter, 61, said his father died at the age of 59 of sudden cardiac arrest. Venter has versions of three genes believed to lower the risk of heart disease and carries two copies of a gene mutation tha

8、t raise the risk of a heart attack, the study found, Venter said he started taking a cholesterol-lowering statin drug years ago, even though his cholesterol levels were below those recommended for taking such medications. “I dont have to have a 100 percent chance of heart disease to think of talking

9、 preventative measures,” Venter said. His mother is 84 and still active, he noted. “Knowing something dosent change whats in our genetic code. But knowing things maybe gives us a chance to change what could be part of our genetic destiny,” Venter said.An article about HIVI think some of the exciteme

10、nt about this revolves around that very point. About 10 years ago, we became much more knowledgeable about how HIV gets inside of a cell. Previous to that time, we thought it was a pretty simple process whereby the virus simply attached to an outside molecule on the human T cell and then basically g

11、ot pulled in. We now know that the process is a little more complex than that and includes at least three different steps.One of those steps, the middle step, is one in which the virus has to use a specific kind of receptor on the outside of the cell. The scientific name for it is a chemokine corece

12、ptor. Using a lock-and-key mechanism, the virus has to use a specific type of coreceptor to gain entrance into the cell. The CCR5 inhibitors block that key-and-lock mechanism such that the virus cannot put its key, so to speak, into the lock on the outside of the cell and then interact with the cell

13、 in a key-and-lock mechanism sort of way to gain entrance inside the cell.These new mechanisms of action have been very exciting because our previous classes of anti-HIV medications have worked only after the virus has gotten inside the cell and has already been doing some of its infection processes

14、. This new class of medication works at a much earlier point in the HIV infection cycle so that it blocks the viruss ability to get inside the cell to begin with.So its an entry inhibitor.Exactly. It is classified as a type of entry inhibitor as well as a CCR5 inhibitor.我认为涉及这个热点的一些问题很重要。大约10年前我们对于H

15、IV是如何感染细胞已的过程已经了解的很多了。在那之前，大家认为病毒是靠简单的粘附于T细胞分子表面然后侵入这样简单的过程感染细胞的。现在表明其实这个过程要比以前想的复杂一些，至少要包括3个步骤。中间的一步是这样的，病毒要利用细胞表面的一种特殊的受体。这种受体的学名叫趋化因子复合受体。病毒通过一种“开关”机制，利用一种特别类型的复合受体侵染进入细胞。CCR5抑制剂能够抑制此种“开关机制”，也就是说，病毒就不能用它的钥匙打开细胞外的锁，来用这种开关机制感染到细胞内部并作用与细胞。知道了这种新的机制是很欣喜的，因为我们先前对于控制HIV的经典药物都无一例外的是对已经感染了HIV的细胞并且已经干扰了细胞

16、分化（还是已经进行感染过程？）的病毒起作用的。新的药物将在HIV感染周期的靠前的步骤起效，因此它阻止了病毒最初浸入细胞的步骤。所以可以说它是一种感染阻遏剂（不知道可以这样翻么？请高手指点）确切的说，它可以像CCR5抑制剂一样，把它划归为一类浸入抑制剂。2011医学英语考试辅导肝的消化功能肝的消化功能Digestive Function of the LiverSometimes referred to as the great chemical factory of the body， the liver creates， regulates， and stores a variety of

17、substances used by the gastrointestinal system， and it serves a number of important digestive functions.The main digestive chemical synthesized by the liver is bile. During a meal， bile is secreted by liver cells and travels through the hepatic duct system into the small intestine where it is used t

18、o break down fat molecules.Between meals， bile is stored in the gall bladder. Bile further serves as a waste disposal system for toxins removed from the blood by the liver.The liver also plays a major role in the regulation of blood glucose （blood sugar）。 The liver synthesizes， dissolves， and stores

19、 amino acids， protein， and fat.It stores several important vitamins like B12 and Vitamin A. The liver also disposes of cellular waste and breaks down harmful substances， like alcohol.肝的消化功能由于机体是一个大的化学工厂，肝脏产生、调节和储存一系列物质用于胃肠道，它有许多重要的消化功能。肝进行消化的化学性物质是胆汁。就餐时，肝细胞分泌的胆汁通过肝管系统进入小肠，消化脂肪微粒。在两餐之间，胆汁被储存在胆囊。胆汁还用

20、于肝从血液排除毒素废物。肝脏在调节血液葡萄糖（血糖）的作用中也起着非常重要的作用。肝脏合成、分解和储存氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪。它储存一些重要的维生素，如B12和维生素A.肝也代谢细胞废物和分解有害物质，如酒精。肝的微细结构2011医学英语考试辅导The Liver Up CloseWhen viewed under a microscope， the liver is seen as large network of units called hepatic lobules. The hepatic lobule is very small and looks like a six-sided

21、cylinder.The lobule itself is surrounded by connective tissue and has 5 to 7 clusters of vessels around its edges. These vessels include a branch of the portal vein， a branch of the hepatic artery， and a bile duct.A central vein runs through the middle of the lobe and is surrounded by cords of liver

22、 cells that radiate out in all directions. Between these cords are wide thinwalled blood vessels called sinusoids. All of the blood drains into a hepatic vein which then circulates throughout the body.肝的微细结构在显微镜下，肝脏是由肝小叶为单位的网状结构。肝小叶非常小，是六棱柱体。小叶的周围是结缔组织，边缘围绕着5-7串脉管，有门静脉、肝动脉和胆小管。小叶的中央由中央静脉穿过，周围被向四周呈放射

23、状排列的肝细胞索包围。在索之间是扩大了的毛细血管叫血窦。所有的血液都流入肝静脉参与体循环。2011医学英语考试辅导中英对照：简单肝脏解剖学知识Anatomy of the Liverhe anterior surface of the liver is triangular in shape， made of two lobes. The right lobe is the larger of the two， measuring 6 to 7 inches in length. The left lobe is 3 inches in length.Ligaments connect the

24、 upper surface of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall and the under surface to the stomach and duodenum. The gall bladder is located on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver. Neighboring organs include the colon， the intestines， and the right kidney.肝脏解剖学肝的前面是三角形，由两个叶组成。右叶较大，长6-7英寸。左叶长3英寸。肝的上面由韧带连接着膈肌和腹壁，下面连接着胃和十二指肠。胆囊位于肝右叶的下方。它的邻近器官是结肠、小肠和右肾。