How-to-write-a-summary...ppt

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1、nDefinition of a summarynFeatures of a summarynProcedures of writing a summaryWhat is Summary? A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer passage. It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible. When one writes a summary, one should not interpret or

2、comment. All one has to do is to give the gist (要点) of the authors exact and essential meaning. 缩写是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。 Features of SummarynBriefnObjectivenCompleteProcedures of writing a summarya. Readingb. Writingc. Revision Reading nFirst read the passage through carefully to get the

3、 gist of it. if reading it once is not sufficient to give you a clear understanding of it, read it over again. The more you read it, the more familiar to you will be its subject, and what is said about the subject. n认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。nGive a title to your summary. Think o

4、f some word, phrase or short sentence that will sum up briefly the main idea of the passage. Sometimes what is called a topic sentence may be used. The topic sentence may be found at the beginning or at the end of the passage. To find a suitable title will help you to define what exactly the subject

5、, or main theme, of the passage is.n给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 ReadingnYou should now be in a position to decide what parts of the passage are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much lossn现在，就

6、该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 ReadingnJot down in brief notes the main points-the subject, the title, and the details which you consider essential or important.n简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西。 ReadingWriting nA summary should usually be about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original

7、passage. So count the number of words in the passage and divide it by three. You may use fewer words than the number prescribed, but in no case may you exceed the limit.n缩写应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 WritingnThe summary should be all in your own words. It

8、must not be a patchwork made up of phrases and sentences quoted from the original passage.n缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 WritingnYou should follow the logical order of the original passage, if possible (and desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.n应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 WritingnThe summar

9、y should be self-contained, that is, it must convey the message of the original fully and clearly, so that your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.n缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 WritingnSummary writing is an exercise in compression. In writ

10、ing a summary, you may:n缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：采用下列几种小技巧： Writing skillnOmit the details. Only the important points should be included in the summary; all the details that explain the main points can be left out.n删除细节。只保留主要观点。 Writing skillnReduce the examples. Out of five or six examples given in the origi

11、nal passage one or two may be chosen for the summary; the rest are to be omitted.n选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 Writing skillnSimplify the descriptions. If in the passage there are ten sentences describing a person or an object, it will be enough to keep one or two in the summary.n把长段的描述变成

12、短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 Writing skillnEliminate all repetitions. Sometimes a statement is repeated for emphasis. This is not necessary in a summary. Sometimes an idea is repeated in different words. Such a veiled repetition should also be avoided.n避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是

13、这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 Writing skillnCompress wordy sentences and change phrases to words. Here are a few examples:n压缩长的句子。如下列两例： Writing skillnUse general words instead of specific words. Here is an example:n使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： Writing skillnPut the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.

14、 This is advisable because indirect speech can be made very brief while it is difficult to abridge dialogues. Here is an example:n文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Art is influenced by customs and faith of people, thus western paitings vary from age to age. The author mainly focus on four pain

15、ting styles , they are, the paintings during Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Impressionism as well as the Modern Art. The Middld Ages is typical of religious paintings, aimming to show respect and love to God. While during the Renaissance, people began to adopt a humanistic attitude to life. With the

16、introduction of perspective and oil paintings, the works became more realistic. Compared with the Renaissance, Impressionist paintings centering on light and shadow are so abstract, Controversial Impressionist paintings, they are accepted as the beginning of Modern Art, which go two extremes. One is

17、 abstract, while the other so realistic like a photograph. Art is influenced by customs and faith of people, thus western paitings vary from age to age. The author mainly focus on four painting styles , they are, the paintings during Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Impressionism as well as the Modern

18、Art. The Middld Ages is typical of religious paintings aimming to show respect and love to God. While during the Renaissance, people began to adopt a humanistic attitude to life. With the introduction of perspective and oil paintings, the works became more realistic. Compared with the Renaissance, Impressionist paintings centering on light and shadow are so abstract. Controversial Impressionist paintings were, they are accepted as the beginning of Modern Art, which go two extremes. One is abstract, the other so realistic like a photograph. 结束结束