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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-dateMiddle-Term-Exam-in-EnglishMiddle Term Exam in EnglishMiddle Term Exam in Academic EnglishName: Student Number: Major:Directions: In this section you are required to write a literature

2、review of about 100 words based on the following two abstracts and the article “The Impact of Urbanization on Infant Feeding Practices in Lagos, Nigeria”. You must synthesize the information of the three texts by their similarities( and differences) or advantages(and disadvantages). Remember you mus

3、t paraphrase the used information and give in-text citation and its references.Abstract 1Anemia and Feeding Practices among Infants in Rural Shanxi Province in ChinaRenfu LuoandYaojiang ShiAnemia is one of the most prevalent public health problems among infants and iron deficiency anemia has been re

4、lated to many adverse consequences. The overall goal of this study is to examine the prevalence of anemia among infants in poor rural China and to identify correlates of anemia. In April 2013, we randomly sampled 948 infants aged 611 months living in 351 villages across 174 townships in nationally-d

5、esignated poverty counties in rural areas of southern Shaanxi Province, China. Infants were administered a finger prick blood test for hemoglobin (Hb). Anthropometric measurement and household survey of demographic characteristics and feeding practices were conducted in the survey. We found that 54.

6、3% of 611 month old infants in poor rural China are anemic, and 24.3% of sample infants suffer from moderate or severe anemia. We find that children still breastfed over 6 months of age had lower Hb concentrations and higher anemia prevalence than their non-breastfeeding counterparts (p 0.01), and t

7、hat children who had ever been formula-fed had significantly higher Hb concentrations and lower anemia prevalence than their non-formula-fed counterparts (p 0.01). The results suggest the importance of iron supplementation or home fortification while breastfeeding. (Nutrients2014,6(12),5975-5991)Abs

8、tract 2These are modern times: infant feeding practice in Peninsular MalaysiaManderson LTraditionally, Malaysian women (Malay, Indian and Chinese) breastfed their infants as a matter of course and for an extended period of time; only elite Chinese women might have resorted to a wet-nurse. But the in

9、troduction of condensed and dehydrated milk in colonial Malaya from the late nineteenth century, and the later marketing also of commercially manufactured baby foods, led to some variation in traditional practice. Structural changes, industrialization and urbanization affected social as well as econ

10、omic life, and again these broad changes had an impact on infant feeding. Today, few women remain unfamiliar with the wide range of infant food products sold in the most isolated provision shops. This paper focuses on key sociological factors that might predict the frequency and duration of breastfe

11、eding and weaning patterns. The data analyzed below, collected during semi-structured interviews with 278 women presenting at Maternal and Child Health Clinics in Peninsular Malaysia, are in part confusing. They suggest that the women most likely to bottle feed only or to breast feed for a short per

12、iod, and to use commercial baby foods, are young, with one child only, who reside in urban or peri-urban areas and have a reasonable household income. Higher educated women, and women whose husbands are in non-traditional occupations, are also less likely to breast feed or to do so for an extended p

13、eriod. But the profile of infant feeding practices is by no means clear. One of the shortcomings of the study relates to the method of collection of data, and highlights the need for detailed ethnographic studies to better explore the variability and complexity of the patterns of infant feeding. (So

14、cial Science & Medicine 1984;18(1):47-57.)Article:ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOThe Impact of Urbanization on Infant Feeding Practices in Lagos, NigeriaRosemary C. Anyanwu and Cyril O. EnwonwuINTRODUCTIONBreast-feeding is currently a subject of immense health and nutritional interest all over the world. In 1983, t

15、he World Health Organization called attention to the world-wide decline in the prevalence and duration of breast-feeding, and underscored the urgent need for more definitive data on present-day infant-feeding practices and trends, as well as information on the key factors influencing womens decision

16、s on how to feed their babies. Breast-feeding has been the traditional infant-feeding practice in the developing world, but recent extensive reports strongly suggest that this is rapidly giving way to the bottle culture, especially among societies in transition mainly in pert-urban areas and in the

17、poverty pockets of urbanized population groups (Darwish,1983). The dimensions of this rapid, pervasive socio-cultural transformation, often erroneously regarded as a symbol of modernity, as well as the forces underlying the disturbing negative change, are not yet clearly defined. This report attempt

18、s to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feeding among different ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria, with the primary objective of assessing the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the major factors responsible for the negative change, and how be

19、st to institute corrective educational measures. For this particular study, Surulere, a suburb of metropolitan Lagos that is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition, was selected as a pretest area for the widely assumed negative effects of urbanization and modernization on infant-

20、feeding practices and the traditional African image of mothering.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study sample comprised 558 randomly selected Nigerian women resident in Surulere. An interview was conducted at the Gbaja and Randle Health Centres located in the area, using a standard questionnaire to obtain

21、information:Most of the women interviewed (71%) were 21-30 years old, while those 16-20 years and 31-35 years accounted for 11 and 12 per cent respectively of the sample. Four mothers were under 16 years, and the rest were over 36 years of age. Twenty-four per cent of the women interviewed described

22、 themselves as full-time housewives with no readily visible occupation outside their homes, while 48 % were traders The rest were teachers, civil servants, nurses, seamstresses, hairdressers, and full-time students.The womens educational qualifications were assessed by grouping them into the followi

23、ng major categories: no formal schooling of any type, completion of primary school education lasting about six years, completion of secondary school or its equivalent, including modern school, and graduates of university or post-secondary professional programs. Only 12 per cent of the women belonged

24、 to the last group, while 15 % had had no formal schooling. The highest proportion of the sample (44 %) had completed primary school.TABLE 1. Family Income Status of Study SampleMonthly Income(Naira)*Number of Mothers RespondingPercentage=1,00081Does not know/did not state15731*Combined monthly inco

25、me of father and mother.TABLE 2. Number of Children Born Alive to MotherNumber of ChildrenNumber of MothersPercentage11703121342431081945410541763267618-101021031TABLE 3. Mothers Expressed Opinion on Ideal Duration of Breast-feedingDuration (months)Number of MothersPercentageNo breast-feeding-1-1312

26、6712Does not know6411TABLE 4. Actual Duration of Breast-feeding Practiced by the MothersDuration (months)Number of MothersPercentageNever breast-fed-13113127313Not applicable*9417*Women who were still breast-feeding at the time of the interview.RESULTS Table 1 shows that the estimated total monthly

27、income per family was less than N 400 (1 naira = US$1.30) for about 56 % of the study sample. No fewer than 29 % of the families had monthly incomes below N 200, well below the subsistence level in a city rated among the most expensive in the world in terms of housing and general cost of living. The

28、 number of children born alive to most of the women (74 %) varied from one to three, while 16 % of the women had five or more children born alive (table 2).In the opinion of most of the mothers, breast-feeding should be practiced for as long as 7 to 12 months, while a relatively small number (less t

29、han 12 %) believed that breast-feeding should be restricted to only the first six months of life (table 3). Contrary to the belief of the mothers (38 %) that breast-feeding should continue for up to one year of life, only about 24.6 % of the mothers practiced breast-feeding for that long (table 4).

30、While none of the 558 mothers interviewed was of the opinion that breast-feeding should stop before the first month, three mothers actually breast-fed their infants for less than this. As many as 64 women interviewed (about 11 %) admitted that they did not know how long breast-feeding should last, w

31、hile a comparatively similar number (about 17 %) were still breast-feeding their babies at the time of the study.Table 5 summarizes the opinions of the women regarding the appropriate age for introduction of supplementary foods. Only 4 per cent of the mothers believed that breast feeding should be s

32、upplemented for infants under one month of age. Forty-four per cent of the women suggested one to three months as the best age for introducing supplementary feeding, while about 28% believed that breast-feeding should remain unsupplemented for as long as six to nine months. In marked contrast to the

33、ir expressed beliefs, 43 % of these mothers actually introduced supplementary feeding to their infants before one month, and as many as 81 % used supplementary foods for infants from birth to three months (table 6). Only about 2 % of the women waited until their infants were six months and older bef

34、ore initiating supplementary feeding, an observation markedly different from their expressed opinions. In effect, these mothers did not practice their beliefs about infant feeding. The commonest reasons advanced by the women for early introduction of supplementary feeding included the following:- th

35、e nature of work outside the home militates against prolonged breast-feeding;- insufficient breast milk;- supplementary feeding promotes faster growth of the baby;- others do so.TABLE 5. Mothers Opinion as to Age at Which Supplementary Feeding Should Be IntroducedAge of Infant (months)Number of MothersPercentage98014No opinion529TABLE 6. Youngest Age at which Supplementary Feeding Was Actually IntroducedAge (months)Number of MothersPercentage12414319116285153377415357163692Does not remember7013DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.REFERENCES-