Unit-15-英语定语从句的翻译.ppt

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1、英语定语从句是各类从句中最为常见的一种，句子可长可短，结构繁简不一。正如语言家所揭示，英语的定语从句呈右开放状，可以向右无限扩展；而汉语没有定语从句之说，作为修饰成分的定语习惯上放在被修饰词之前(左边），呈左封闭状。 老鼠的猫。 老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。 英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定

2、语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。 The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible”. 凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。2. True friendship is like sound health, the value of which is seldom known until it be lost. 真正的友谊犹如健康，只有失去时，才会意识到它的价值。 3. A man can succeed

3、 at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm. 一个人，只要他有无限的热情，就几乎可以在任何事情上取得成功 。4. He is a fool who cannot be angry, and he is wise who will not. 不会发怒是蠢人，不愿发怒是聪明人。英语定语从句的的译法1、前置法2、后置法/切分法3、融合法4、状译法一、前置法一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的的”来连接。既然定语来连接。既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时

4、候，通常把从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句较短的定语从句译成带译成带“的的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。His laughter, which was infecti

5、ous, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant. 他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹， 而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。二、后置法二、后置法/切分法切分法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。英语的定语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种

6、方法来处理。 （一）重复先行词。由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得

7、了初步的成功，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 I propose to offer a theory which, as far as I am aware, has not previously been set forth, that only those animals capa

8、ble of speech are capable of laughter, and that therefore man, being the only animal that speaks, is the only animal that laughs. 我试图提出一种理论，这种理论就我所知，还未曾有人提出过，那就是：只有能说话的动物才能笑。人是唯一能说话的动物，所以也是唯一能笑的动物。 定语从句单独成句定语从句单独成句,这种翻译技巧在非限制性定语从句中常这种翻译技巧在非限制性定语从句中常见见.This system is often referred to as the “free en

9、terprise system” and can be contrasted to a socialist economy, which depends heavily on government planning and on public ownership of the means of production.美国的经济制度常常被称为”自由企业制度”,与社会主义经济形成对照。社会主义经济在很大的程度上依赖于政府计划和生产资料公有制。l A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women

10、have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era, and a colonel who says that they havent. l 一位年轻的姑娘和一位上校展开了一场热烈的争论。姑娘坚持认为妇女已有进步， 看见老鼠就吓得跳上椅子的时代已经一去不复还了， 而上校则认为没有。（重复先行词， 译成独立句）（二）省略先行词二）省略先行词如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。It is he who received the letter that announced

11、the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。三、融合法：把定语从句和它所修饰的先行词结合在一起翻译。融合法是指

12、翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是“there be ”结构带有定语从句的句型。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣We used a plane of which almost every part

13、 carried some indication of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志。We are peoples that have inherited ancient wisdom, that know the worth of biding ones time and recognized opportunity for combat. 我们的人民继承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善于抓住战机。四、状译法四、状译法 英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就英语的定语从句与汉语中的定语还有一个不同的地方，那就是，是，英语中有些定

14、语从句和主句关系不密切，英语中有些定语从句和主句关系不密切，它从语法上看是它从语法上看是修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处在这种情况下，需要灵活处理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把理，在准确理解英语原文

15、的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。（一）译成表示（一）译成表示“时间时间”的分句的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.司机开车时，司机开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。不许和人谈话，也不能走神。（二）译成表示二）译成表示“原因原因”的分句的分句He showed no further wish for conversation with He showed no further wish for

16、 conversation with Mrs. Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeabledisagreeable. .他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦令人厌烦。（三）译成表示（三）译成表示“条件条件”的分句的分句Men become desperate for work, Men become desperate for wor

17、k, any work, which will any work, which will help them to keep alive their familieshelp them to keep alive their families. .人们极其迫切地要求工作，人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行一家人的生活就行。（四）译成表示（四）译成表示“让步让步”的分句的分句He insisted on buying He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use anot

18、her house, which he had no use for.for.尽管他并没有这样的需要尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子。，他坚持要再买一幢房子。（五）译成表示（五）译成表示“目的目的”的分句的分句He wishes to writeHe wishes to write an article that will attract the public an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.attention to the matter.为了引起公众对这一事件的注意为了引起公众对这一事

19、件的注意，他想写一篇文章。，他想写一篇文章。He is collecting He is collecting authentic material that proves his argumentauthentic material that proves his argument. .为了证明他的论点为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料。，他正在收集确凿的材料。 ( (六）译成表示六）译成表示“结果结果”的分句的分句They tried to stamp out They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more the revol

20、t, which spread more furiously throughout the countryfuriously throughout the country. .他们企图镇压反抗，他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。（七）译成表示（七）译成表示“转折转折”的分句的分句She was very patient towards the children, She was very patient towards the children, which her which her husband seldom washusband seldom wa

21、s. .她对孩子们很有耐心，她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样而她丈夫却很少这样。Translate the following attributive clauses into Chinese. (前置法）污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。2. The lion eats the zebra that eats the grass. The snake catches the toad（蛤蟆）that eats the insect that nibbles the grass leaves.（切分法)狮子吃斑马，斑马吃青草。虫子吃绿叶，蛤蟆嚼虫子，蛇吞蛤蟆。3.There has ne

22、ver been a man around me who wrote so many memos.(融合法）在我周围的人中， 从没有一个像他那样写过那么多的备忘录。4. You would have to be careful not to offend the boss, who would give you the sack at any time.（状译法）你得小心谨慎，不能得罪老板，因为老板随时可以炒你的鱿鱼。 Practice makes perfect! 美国人有许多风俗习惯美国人有许多风俗习惯,在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。在陌生人看来是颇为费解的。 上个世纪末上个世纪末, 美国所有

23、大学己实行学分制美国所有大学己实行学分制, 学生们从中受益学生们从中受益非浅。非浅。 移民从各地带来了多种文化移民从各地带来了多种文化, 也产生了极大的好处。也产生了极大的好处。 美国私立学校课程繁多美国私立学校课程繁多, 可以满足学生的不同要求。可以满足学生的不同要求。 其实, 许多美国人都花得起钱请厨师、司机, 但他们不那么做。 只要有坚强的意志，就没有什么坏习惯不能改掉。7）Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the height. 世上无难事，只要肯登攀。8）They seemed to en

24、joy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unremitting fatigue and by victories which almost exceeded belief.Blacks and WhitesBlacks and Whites Race relations in the U.S.A. continue to be a thorny problem. The era of blatant discrimination ended in the 1960s through the courageous act

25、ions of thousands of blacks participating in peaceful marches and sit-ins, to force Southern states to implement the Federal desegregation laws in schools and public accommodations. Down came the “whites only” notices in buses, hotels, trains ，restaurants, sporting events, restrooms and on park benc

26、hes that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. Gone were the restrictions that prevented blacks voting. Gone, too, were the hideous lynchings, which since the Civil War had caused the death of thousands of innocent blacks. However, even today, poor, uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of justice that the more affluent and better educated can expect.译文l 美国的种族关系一直是棘手的问题。上世纪六十年代，千千万万的黑人参加了和平游行示威和静坐，他们的勇敢行动迫使南方各州执行联邦政府关于在学校和公共场所废除种族隔离的法律，从而结束了公然歧视黑人的时代。l “白人专用”的告示牌曾经在南部各州随处可见，现已都被揭下来；取消黑人选举权的限制已不复存在；自从美国内战以来，私刑导致成千上万黑人失去生命，而如今，可怕的私刑也已不复存在。