有关种族歧视(英文).doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流有关种族歧视(英文).精品文档.The terrible toll of racism in the U.S.By Sharon Smith | March 19, 2004 | Page 7HALF OF all Black men in New York City cant find a job, while Black teenage unemployment stands at 37 percent nationwide. These statistics show a crisis among Black Americans tha

2、t should be setting off alarm bells in election year 2004.Yet even John Kerry, the candidate whose partys voting base includes the vast majority of Blacks, has issued barely a sound bite. This should come as no surprise, since Black lives, Black votes and Black rights have been devalued since the Fo

3、unding Fathers. The original U.S. Constitution permitted slavery and counted Black slaves as three-fifths of white persons in determining both Congressional representation and taxation, embedding racism in the very foundation of U.S. society. The institution of slavery was abolished only through Civ

4、il War, a bloody second American Revolution that cost at least 600,000 lives.But racism outlived slavery and flourished for the next 100 years in the form of Jim Crow segregation, in which the majority of states, from North Dakota to Texas to California, made it a crime for Blacks to intermingle wit

5、h whites in all walks of life-from hospitals to cemeteries, lunch counters to phone booths, military service to marriage.Jim Crow segregation laws were challenged and finally struck down only because of a massive civil rights struggle stretching over more than two decades, from the 1955 Montgomery b

6、us boycott to the fight to enforce court-ordered school desegregation in the 1970s. But de facto segregation continued, North and South, while accusations of reverse racism and Black welfare dependency emanated from the political establishment, injecting racism with new life in the post-civil rights

7、 era.Politicians from both the Democratic and Republican Parties scrambled to appear tough on crime, embracing the so-called war on drugs, which tripled the prison population between 1980 and 1995. Two-thirds of those who entered the prison system during that period were Black, Latino or poor, and t

8、he vast majority of them were nonviolent drug offenders.Today, with the prison population swollen to more than 2 million, African Americans make up just 12 percent of the U.S. population and only 13 percent of drug users, yet account for 35 percent of drug arrests and 53 percent of drug convictions.

9、 Blacks are also 43 percent of those on death row.Last year, the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that 30 percent of 12 year-old Black boys will spend time in jail in their lifetimes-far more than will attend college. And because many states have laws denying present and former inmates th

10、e right to vote, an estimated 13 percent of all Black men-including one in every three in Alabama and Florida-have been disenfranchised.Racism, not criminal records, explains the high unemployment rate for Black men today. A recent Wall Street Journal report showed that in the city of Milwaukee, a w

11、hite job applicant with a criminal record has a better chance of being called for an interview than a Black man with no criminal record. The disadvantage carried by a young Black man applying for a job as a dishwasher or a driver is equivalent to forcing a white man to carry an 18-month prison recor

12、d on his back, concluded reporter David Wessel. And only racism can explain these statistics:- Segregation in public schools, which decreased continuously from the 1950s to the late 1980s, has now returned to levels not seen in three decades.- Black infants are almost two-and-a-half times more likel

13、y than white infants to die before the age of one, a wider gap than in 1970.- In 2002, 79 percent of Blacks aged 25 and older were high school graduates, compared with 30 percent in 1968. Yet the typical Black household had a net worth of just $19,000, compared with $121,000 for whites. More than 20

14、0 years since slavery was written into the U.S. constitution, its racist legacy remains-and the words of abolitionist Frederick Douglass remain true: Without struggle, there can be no progress. Only a struggle that shakes the foundation of U.S. society can end racismRacial discrimination， or， the co

15、lor problem， refers mainly to Negroes in the United States， as they constitute one tenth of the total population. The term Negro is applied to people descended or partly descended from slaves transported from Africa long ago. It is now avoided by many white Americans for fear of offending their non-

16、white brothers. The old term nigger is now considered to be insulting， and is altogether avoided in decent usage. In official statistics the term non-white is used， and in ordinary situations it is acceptable to call non-white people black， although this term was once also somewhat insulting. 种族歧视或肤

17、色问题，在美国主要指与黑人有关的问题，因为他们占美国总人口的十分之一。尼格罗（Negro）这一词，是指很久前从非洲运来的黑人奴隶的后裔或混血后裔。现在许多美国白种人避免使用尼格罗这一名称，以免引起非白种兄弟们的不快。旧的称呼黑崽（nigger）如今被认为是污蔑黑人的用语，在正规的习惯用语中已完全摒而不用。在官方统计中用的是非白种一词，在通常情况下，把非白种人称为黑种人（black）是行得通的，虽然该词一度也带有几分侮辱的意思。 Without some reference to historical back- ground， the Negro position today couldnt

18、be understood. The black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were kept in legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced

19、to abolish slavery and set the slaves free. But the southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. 不掌握些历史背景方面的材料，就无从了解黑人今天的地位问题。目前美国的黑人人口略多于三千万，其中百分九十的人，祖先是在十七和十八世纪被作为奴隶引进美洲的。他们的后裔，直到一八六五年在美国南方还全部处于法定的奴隶地位。在南北战争中。南方诸州战败，被迫废除奴隶制，释放了奴隶。但是南方人决心，除

20、了在宪法上（意思是指仅在一纸虚文上），任何方面都不让黑人得到平等待遇。 The Federal Government has， gradually compelled the white majority in the South to allow Negroes to enjoy civic rights. But legal protection has been slow to develop and has not yet solved the social problem of inequality in voting， education， employment and housi

21、ng. 联邦政府逐渐地迫使在南方占多数的白人允许黑人享有公民权利。但是有关的法律保障进展缓慢，至今未能解决在选举、教育、就业和住房方面不平等的社会问题。 The masses of the unemployed black and the mounting wrath against social injustice constitute an active volcano in society and are attracting more and more serious public concern. Those who worry about the future of the cou

22、ntry have been seeking a way to the solution of the problem. So in 1954 ， the Supreme Court decided that the whole system of separate education in the South was denying the constitutional right of equal treatment to the Negroes. It ordered that the southern educational authorities should integrate t

23、heir schools for the white with the schools for the black. In 1964 President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Acts， banning discrimination in public place based upon race or color. But if the Federal Government has been making some effort for a program of providing equal education opportunity to all

24、minority people， the progress has been slow and difficult. 黑人失业群众以及社会不公平引起的日益增长的愤慨，构成了隐藏在社会里的一个活火山，愈来愈引起公众密切的关注。担心国家前途的人士一直在寻求解决问题的途径。于是在一九五四年，美国最高法院裁定，南方的整个隔离教育制度违反了宪法规定的黑人享受平等待遇的权利。最高法院命令南方教育当局将黑人儿童学校与白人儿童学校合并。一九六四年，约翰逊总统签署了民权法案，禁止在公共场所实行种族或肤色上的歧视。但是即便联邦政府曾进行过一定的努力，来实现向所有少数民族提供教育机会均等的计划，其进展也是缓慢而艰难

25、的。美国种族歧视根深蒂固 中国国务院新闻办公室3日发表的2004年美国的人权纪录指出，种族歧视在美国根深蒂固，渗透到社会生活的各个方面。 这份人权纪录说，美国有色人种普遍贫困，生存状况远不如白人。据英国卫报2004年10月9日报道，2002年，白人家庭净资产是88万美元，是拉美裔家庭的11倍，接近非裔家庭的15倍。 据统计，生活在贫困线以下的黑人人数是白人的3倍。黑人的平均预期寿命比白人少6岁。 纪录指出，美国的少数民族受到就业和职业歧视。据今日美国报2004年5月5日报道，2003年美国平等就业机会委员会收到有关工作场所种族偏见方面的指控29000件。美国劳工部公布的统计数字表明，到2004

26、年11月，黑人的失业率为108，白人是47，前者是后者的两倍多。 来自于至少38个国家的未成年人从事着奴隶性劳动。在美国无力负担医疗保险的4500万人中，700万是非洲裔美国人，占美国非洲裔人口总数的近五分之一，这个比例比白人高77。美国新闻与世界报道周刊2004年3月29日的一篇文章指出，独立宣言称人类生而平等，而白人与黑人之间的差距简直是对这一“立国之本”的侮辱。 纪录说，美国学校普遍盛行种族隔离式教育。美国南方有八分之一的黑人学生上的是黑人学生占99的学校，约有三分之一的黑人学生上的是少数民族占90以上的学校；在北方，超过一半以上的黑人学生上这种黑人和少数民族学生占绝大多数的学校。 纪录

27、说，美国大学校园种族主义抬头。在加州大学伯克利分校、加州迪亚波罗河谷社区学院接连发现法西斯标语口号及白人至上主义标语口号，还包括使用武器和语言进行威胁。在加州小圣罗斯学院，校报刊载专栏文章攻击犹太人，引发抗议风潮；网站聊天室被白人至上主义分子占领。在达特茅斯学院，白人女生在筹款活动中拍卖“黑奴”。在南密西西比大学，一批白人在美式足球比赛结束后高喊种族主义口号，攻击4名黑人学生。在只有55名黑人学生的密歇根州奥利维特大学，有51名黑人学生在发生种族暴力事件及骚扰事件后退学。 纪录显示，美国种族偏见和偏执造成社会矛盾激化，仇恨犯罪增加。据美国联邦调查局2004年11月22日公布的对16的执法单位有

28、关报告的统计，2003年美国发生的总共7489件仇恨犯罪案中，有3844宗与族裔仇恨有关。其中，针对黑人的族裔仇恨犯罪案达2548宗，占514，是针对其他所有种族的此类犯罪总数的两倍多，有3150名黑人成为受害者。而犯罪人当中623是白人。 洛杉矶时报2004年5月3日报道，受“911”事件及伊拉克战争影响，2003年，全美共发生针对穆斯林的仇恨事件1019起，同比增长69。加州针对穆斯林的仇恨事件共221起，同比增长近3倍。 纪录指出，美国司法领域种族歧视司空见惯。有色人种被判刑和在监狱中被关押的比例明显高于白人。根据美国司法部2004年11月公布的报告，有色人种占美国在押囚犯人数的70以上

29、。 到2003年底，美国联邦和州监狱关押的被判处1年以上有期徒刑的140万名犯人中，44是黑人。犯同样的罪，黑人平均服刑期比白人长6个月，黑人被逮捕后被关进监狱的可能性比白人大3倍，而且黑人犯罪比白人更难得到缓刑。 纪录说，“911”事件后，美国借国土安全的名义公开限制公民权利，通过监听电话、追查访问过的网站、监控金融资金转移等多种手段，监视公民的一举一动，而少数民族、外国人、移民成为主要受害者。 据统计，“911”事件以后，全美共3200万人曾面对种族歧视性调查问题。受到歧视性调查的人中，非洲裔最多，占47，其次为拉丁裔、亚裔，白人仅为3。2004年11月，美国国土安全部宣布，一年来，已有1

30、57281名移民被遣返，比去年增加了8，创下了新的纪录。逮捕的无证件外国人也增加了112。 另据报道，去年开始，在旧金山、巴尔的摩、费城、迈阿密、圣保罗、丹佛、堪萨斯和波特兰等许多州的城市，每天有几十名来自墨西哥或其他国家的移民被逮捕，并像嫌犯一样被强行带上沉重的电子脚镣。这种对待非法移民如同对待刑事罪犯的做法已经成为全国性的趋势。恐怖分子和非法移民的定义界限已经变得非常模糊。美国种族歧视问题现状 种族主义的隐居 国际先驱导报波士顿特约记者杨一帆报道 全球种族主义仍未消亡，即使在最发达的国家美国。 2003年8月23日，马丁路德金的儿子马丁路德金三世在林肯纪念堂、也就是他父亲当年发表演讲的台阶

31、上，对参加纪念活动的人群说：“我知道我父亲的影响远远超过了一个梦想。”他说，40年过去了，他父亲的梦仍然没有实现，美国仍然存在严重的种族歧视，并要求美国政府改善社会福利制度。这可能也是最新的一次反种族歧视呐喊。 美国的种族歧视缩影 今天的美国，在种族歧视方面可以说是新旧并存。一方面，旧有的种族主义势力仍然存在，他们尽管人数不多，但是在美国社会中总是可以掀起大浪。波士顿大学的一位黑人研究生约翰史利文森对记者说，即使在他就读的中学、大学里，都有许多种族歧视的影子存在。 他回忆说，2年前，一次自己和同伴到大学的一个俱乐部里玩，刚进门，就感觉到许多白人投来鄙视的目光。俱乐部的服务生上来很不客气的说，“

32、这里是私人场所，请你们这些黑鬼离开”。同伴告诉他，这里是一个只允许白人进入的俱乐部，老板有很强的3K党背景。 记者自己在美国也遭遇到类似的经历，在波士顿的街头中，记者曾经遭遇到同样的异样眼光和拒绝，尽管彬彬有礼但是冷漠至极，甚至在学校里，同学之间也能感受到。 波士顿大学研究美国历史的学者彼得罗格告诉记者，从历史上来看，美国并没有形成种族歧视的先天因素。美国是一个移民国家，多数美国人的祖先来自世界各地，其中爱尔兰裔、德裔、意大利裔和西班牙裔的白人比较多，而黑人的比例已经达到13，近年来亚裔移民数量也有所增加。但是美国依然存在着比较强大的种族歧视力量。对此原因，彼得罗格认为，这要从全球种族歧视的背

33、景中间寻找原因。在长期的历史过程中，白人社会由于生产力水平较高，对有色人种族裔的歧视本质上主要是对落后社会和不同文化的排斥。这种情况在美国的多种族社会中，就成为了全球种族歧视的一个缩影。 美国：黑白分治的社会 另一方面，美国的种族歧视从目前来看，开始在新的领域呈现出新的现象，传统的政治保守势力也开始介入到其中，简单的单一种族歧视被文化上的隐性歧视所代替。1968年2月，美国国会曾公布过一份题为民间动乱问题全国咨询委员会的报告，较为详细地披露了美国社会流行的种族歧视现实，指出：“我们的国家正在分裂为两个社会，一个黑人社会，一个白人社会分开的、不平等的两社会。” 1993年2月，为纪念上述报告发表

34、25周年，设在华盛顿的一个基金会又发表了一份长达350页的报告，报告列举了90年代初期盛行于美国的种族歧视现象，其结论是，25年以来，美国各种族之间的不平等不仅没有改善，反而是“进一步加剧了”。 美国学者注意到了一个奇怪的现象，一方面是美国存在的较强烈种族歧视，另一方面，美国社会的任何行为，都担心会被带上种族歧视的印记，一位研究人员就告诉记者，简单说，就是大家都知道种族歧视不好，但是大家都会有意识无意识的犯种族歧视的毛病。就在这样的怪圈中间，美国的种族歧视仍然继续。 彼得罗格向记者举了一个例子，他说，1994年10月，设在美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的全国中小学历史教学中心（NCHS）向外界公布了一

35、套全国中小学历史课教学标准。这个标准第一单元记叙美国的起源，它一反过去那种欧洲文明中心论的作法，将欧洲文明、非洲文明和土著印第安人的文明放在同等位置来处理，把三者在殖民地的相遇称为“会合”(convergence)，强调欧洲移民是美洲大陆的“后来者”。这个标准公布之后，在美国保守界引起了强烈的反弹。而其中坚持鼓吹欧洲文明中心论的，恰恰是以当今美国副总统切尼为代表的美国保守派政治和文化工作者。他们对其他种族的歧视，并不简单体现在3K党的大白帽子上，而是体现在美国的文化生存领域，更体现在今天布什对外政策中间。 四、美国大学中种族歧视问题的现状和发展前景。2003年8月23日，马丁路德金的儿子马丁路

36、德金三世在林肯纪念堂、也就是他父亲当年发表演讲的台阶上，对参加纪念活动的人群说：“我知道我父亲的影响远远超过了一个梦想。”他说，40年过去了，他父亲的梦仍然没有实现，美国仍然存在严重的种族歧视，并要求美国政府改善社会福利制度。这可能也是最新的一次反种族歧视呐喊。今天的美国，在种族歧视方面可以说是新旧并存。一方面，旧有的种族主义势力仍然存在，他们尽管人数不多，但是在美国社会中总是可以掀起大浪。另一方面，美国的种族歧视从目前来看，开始在新的领域呈现出新的现象，传统的政治保守势力也开始介入到其中，简单的单一种族歧视被文化上的隐性歧视所代替。所以，在大学里面任然还是存在种族歧视的，而且已经向隐性发展。

37、像在美国许多最顶尖的公立大学里，很多黑人学生被招进来的唯一原因，就是他们的肤色。在这种制度下，二年级分系的时候，他们没有办法进入学校最有竞争力的系，例如商学院或工学院，大多数的黑人学生被迫选择了戏剧学或者社会学这样的冷门。但是，随着时间的变化，我相信美国的大学里种族歧视的现象越来越少，大学生的思想也会越来越开放，大学里黑人和白人恋爱以及结婚的比例会越来越高。虽然，资产阶级根据种族和民族特征，划分人们的社会地位和法律地位，限制和侵犯其他种族的基本权利和自由的现象。在阶级社会里，种族歧视实质上是阶级问题。但是，我相信随着越来越多的黑人大学生的出现，一定可以改变黑人现在的地位，为实现美国独立宣言中所

38、说的“人人平等”而奋斗！美国大学以及社会中的“黑”与“白”不在那么分明了！The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4,1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with ano

39、ther, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-eviden

40、t, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the g

41、overned. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect thei

42、r safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the for

43、ms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such

44、 has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be su

45、bmitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has

46、utterly neglected to attend them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative

47、bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people. He

48、 has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition