PREP 语法笔记示范文本.doc

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1、PREP语法笔记229前言在 GMAT 考试于 2006 年更换出题方之后，GMAT 考试尤其是其中的语法部分，出题思路和以往 GWD 中语法题存在着较大的不同，考察语法点的方式更加灵活多变，以往 GWD 语法部分前人总结的各种规律与新的 GMAT 语法考试中出现了很多违背或者背离的情况，比如说，对 SC题的逻辑判断考察更加突出。以上种种在我 2006 年 12 月总结 GMAT 官方模考软件 PREP 中的语法题目的时候就发现变化的明显。以往单纯依靠相对考察方式比较简单的 OG 11 和已经和真实考题有些出入的 GWD 语法，已经不足以反映当前 GMAT 考试的语法部分难度了。由此，为了方便

2、国内广大考生复习备考 GMAT 考试，我一直希望能将 PREP SC 的语法部分全部加以总结，能够将 GMAT 语法考试的完整思路呈现出来。但由于本人时间、能力都十分有限，这个想法一直未能实现。近期，在 CD 版上大大的牛人，闹闹（GMAT 困境版版主）、绿洲（语法版版主）、Lala（JJ 版版主）的全力支持和协助下，借着 CD 前人 CRACK 的 320 道 PREP SC 题为基础，我们几人分工对目前这 320 道题进行了认真而翔实的整理，尽量分析新的出题思路和语法考点的变化，并将其结集成为了目前的这个小册子。整个小册子以全部 320 道题目的讲解为核心，包括原题、考点、选项分析、句子结

3、构、补充语法知识说明等几个部分，全部题目的审稿和校验由闹闹完成。GMAT 语法是目前世界上最难的语法知识，我们学识有限，必然有考虑不周，能力所不及的地方，题目的解释欢迎各位同学在 CD网站语法版进行探讨，我们会在今后陆续更新新的内容。同时各种意见、建议也请欢迎来信指正。Practice Test #1 Sentence Correction1.(24465-!-item-!-188;#058&000982)To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice

4、as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising themon special diets.(A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment(B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut(C) growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment(D) they grow n

5、aturally, cutting their feed allotment(E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut 考点:平行对称（Parallelism）逻辑表达（Logical Predication）1)比较对象必须要概念对等3)用and连接的对象必须是平行对象(A) as fast as的前后是一个动作(are growing)和一个名词(growth rate)进行比较,比较概念不对等(B)比较概念不对等.后一个分句的allotment cut and raising不对等.(C)逻辑意思不正确,原句的意思是供应商

6、养殖鱼类的生长速度和鱼类自然生产速度作比较,该选项中growing them和growing fish构成平行,将原句的意思更改为供应商养殖鱼类的生长速度和供应商自然养殖鱼类的速度做比较,(D)正确,正确的表现了原句的逻辑意思,既供应商养殖鱼类的生长速度和鱼类自然生产速度作比较(E)后一个分句中and raising them没有平行的对象.句子结构: To meet, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as补充说明:1、代词的指代问题:在OG中经常会认为一个句子中如果出现两个以上上的复数名词,则复数代词会出现指代不清的错误,然而在实战中是不能仅

7、仅凭这一个准则来判断句子的正误.在指代原则中有一条就近指代原则:当一个句子中出现两个以上的复数名词时,复数代词优先指代离它近的复数名词,这条原则用样适用于单数名词.2、伴随状语的几种表达方式一、独立主格结构做伴随状语：独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成.独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因条件状态等1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为:n+ n.; n. + -ed/ing 形式; n. +介词短语;n. +形容词短语2)with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻

8、辑联系,形式为:由“with宾语宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on thebranches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline. 3)each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾, each +介词短语/形容词短语/-ed 形式/-in

9、g 形式。二、分词短语做伴随状语：现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义。例如：1“Cant you read？”Mary said angrily pointing to thenotice玛丽生气地指着通知说：“难道你不识字吗？” 2He sent me an e-mail hoping to get further information他给我发了一封电子邮件，希望得到更多信息。3He hurried to the hall，followed by two g

10、uards他匆忙进了大厅，后面跟着两个警卫。三、形容词短语做伴随状语：形容词短语做伴随状语时，通常表状态。例如：1Full of apologies，the manager approached us经理向我们走来，嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。2He was too excited，unable to say a word他太激动了，一句话也说不出来。3He stared at the footprint，full offear他盯着脚印，满心恐惧。四、单个形容词做伴随状语：单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态，不表动作。例如：1He sat there，silent他一声不响地坐在那儿。2Breath

11、less，she rushed in through the back door穿过后门，他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。3He went to bed，cold and hungry他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。2.(24511-!-item-!-188;#058&001020)Organized in 1966 by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Breeding Bird Survey uses annualroadside counts along established routes for monitoring of population changes o

12、f as many as,or of more than 250 bird species, including 180 songbirds.(A) for monitoring of population changes of as many as, or of(B) to monitor population changes of as many, or(C) to monitor changes in the populations of(D) that monitors population changes of(E) that monitors changes in populati

13、ons of as many as, or 考点:有效用词（Diction）比较（Comparison）1)用to do结构表达目的更加有效,实战中用for doing表达目的的选项一般都做为迷惑选项，和todo进行对比2) GMAT考试中经常出现将相等比较as.as和more.than.形式比较合并在一起写的错误或者故意复杂化的表示方法;正确表达应该是:at least as great as或者as great as or greater than，或者直接用greater than。(A)用for doing表示目的不如不定式to do有效.of as many as, or of mo

14、re than结构复杂笨拙,改为of as many as or more than更好.(B)调换changes和population中心词的位置使得of more than 250 bird species错误的修饰了changes而不是population;as many结构不完整,应改为of as many as or more than(C)正确,用to do结构有效的表达目的,使用有效的比较结构并且more than正确的修饰了population(D)用that限定从句修饰routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors错误的使用了单数形式,因为that指代的是routes; c

15、hanges和population位置互换,犯了B同样的错误(E)用that限定从句修饰routes失去了目的的意味,且monitors错误的使用了单数形式,因为that指代的是routes;句子结构: Organized in, the Breeding Bird Survey uses to monitor3.(24557-!-item-!-188;#058&001027)Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, theirdescendants, popular

16、ly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.(A) Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,(B) In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,(C) In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had

17、 been released outside Sao Paulo,Brazil,(D) It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,when(E) It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outsideSao Paulo, Brazil, and then 考点:逻辑表达（Logical Predication）、动词形式（Verb

18、Form）、指代一致（Agreement）1)分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语2) it不能指代介词短语, it可以指代主语从句和不定式结构: It is difficult to do this research. It is important that we finish on time.在这两个例子中it分别指代to do this research和that从句3)现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years(A)正确, after

19、 + n.结构避免了逻辑主语问题; less than 35 years after 符合习惯用法(B) since releasing放在句首,逻辑主语等于句子的主语their descendants,不符合逻辑; since是现在完成时的标志和had migrated矛盾; since的使用不符合习惯用法(C) since是现在完成时的标志和had migrated矛盾; since的使用不符合习惯用法(D) it不能指代介词短语from the release (E) it不能指代介词短语from the release句子结构: Less than 35 years after the

20、ir descendants, had migrated补充说明：since的四种用法:(1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.(2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago.(3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have

21、 been here. (4) It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.4.(24603-!-item-!-188;#058&001035)Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospects ofharnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he predicted in the mid-18

22、90s thatelectricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and thestreetlights of Paris.(A) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, because he was excited with the prospectsof harnessing Niagara Falls for producing electric power, he(B) The prospects of harnessi

23、ng Niagara Falls to produce electric power was exciting to NikolaTesla, the inventor of alternating current, and so he(C) Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, NikolaTesla, the inventor of alternating current,(D) Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating

24、current, excited about the prospects of harnessingNiagara Falls for the production of electric power and(E) The inventor of alternating current, excited with the prospects of harnessing Niagara Fallsfor producing of electric power, Nikola Tesla 考点:句子结构（Grammatical Construction）1)用to do结构表达目的更加有效,.2)

25、合理的布置修饰短成分的位置:当一个句子有较多修饰成分修饰主语时,应该将修饰成分合理的分布在主语前后,常用的方法是:分词结构,主语,修饰成分1,修饰成分2,谓语(A)Nikola Tesla应为句子主语，位置错误; for doing结构表示目的不及to do更有效.(B)将the prospects作为主语改变了句子的重心,(C)正确,过去分词结构excited about置于句首作状语修饰主句，谓语为predicted.(D) for doing结构表示目的不及to do有效; excited about是形容词结构，如果要与predicted并列作谓语，需要加系动词be，否则结构不完整。(

26、E) for doing结构表示目的不及to do有效；excited about形容词结构作定语修饰主语theinventer，而Nikola Tesla与the inventor of都是主语，重复。句子结构: Excited about, Nikola Tesla,同位语, predicted 5.(24795-!-item-!-188;#058&001473)The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service,announced that it wa

27、s eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded operations,and it grounded twenty-two planes.(A) closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded(D) it closed some unneeded

28、operations and grounded(E) it was closing some unneeded operations, and grounding 考点:句子结构（Grammatical Construction）平行对称（Parallelism）1)省略:两个句子并列,第一个句子含有be动词或者become,第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略,同时,一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略2)两个句子的连接必须用连词或者用分号,用逗号来连接两个句子只能是分句，不是主句(A) was eliminating, (was) closing, and it grounded结构

29、不平行(B)正确, was eliminating, (was) closing and (was) grounding结构平行(C) was多余,while it结构破坏了平行(D)逗号连接announced that it was和it closed两个句子,错误(E)并列句子之间缺少连词。句子结构: The airline company, following, announced that it was eliminating, closing, andgrounding 6.(24841-!-item-!-188;#058&001528)The list of animals tha

30、t exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw,paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) hasbeen expanded to include(B) exhibits the preference to us

31、e either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) hasbeen expanded and includes(C) exhibit a preference in either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) hasbeen expanded to include(D) exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw,

32、 or foot) hasbeen expanded to include(E) exhibit the preference as to either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes 考点:主谓一致辞（Agreement）平行对称（Parallelism）1)主谓一致:本句要注意两处主谓一致,一是The listhas been,二是animals that exhibit2) eitheror结构要平行(A) that指代animals,因此

33、that从句的谓语应该用复数; eitheror结构中using the right和lefthand不平行(B) exhibits使用错误导致主谓不一致; and includes和has been平行,共同作为The list的谓语.则该句子可化为The list has been expanded the lower vertebrates和The list includes the lowervertebrates两个句子,前者明显不通.(C) either using the right or the left hand结构不平行(D)正确,注意到了两个地方的主谓一致;the rig

34、ht和the left平行且使用to include避免了B选项的错误(E) as表示作为的意思,后面应该接简单名词; eitheror结构不平行; has been expanded andincludes改变了原句的意思句子结构: The list of animals thathas been expanded to补充说明:正确选项D中的for using并不是表示目的的意思,而是preference的固定搭配.做题时不能看到fordoing就认为错误7.(24887-!-item-!-188;#058&001530)Obtaining an investment-grade rati

35、ng will keep the countys future borrowing costs low, protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.(A) Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the countys future borrowing costs low,protect(B) To obtain an investment-grade rating will keep the countys futu

36、re borrowing costs low, andprotect(C) Having obtained an investment-grade rating will, in keeping the countys future borrowingcosts low, protect(D) To obtain an investment-grade rating would keep the countys future borrowing costs low,protecting(E) Obtaining an investment-grade rating, keeping the c

37、ountys borrowing costs low, would beprotecting 考点:平行对称（Parallelism）1)平行结构的最后一个成分之前必须有一个连词and, or, neither, nor或as well as。如:to do A, do B, do C的表达就是错误的(A)正确,动名词结构(Obtaining)作为主语并且使用了正确的并列结构表示方法(B)违反了并列结构的表示方法,and protect中的and多余(C) having多余，Having obtained不能作为名词结构,因此不能用该结构作主语;第二个分句inkeeping变成了附属结构,改变

38、了原句的意思(D)违反了平行结构的表达方式,protecting应为protect(E)结构混乱，语法上obtaining与keeping作并列主语，中间缺少连词。;would be protecting和and increase不平行句子结构: Obtaining will keep, protect, and increase8.(24933-!-item-!-188;#058&001582)The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringingthe Aram

39、aic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the n

40、orthern and the(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and 考点:主谓一致（Agreement）简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）1)bring A with B和 bring with B A 表达的意思相同2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词的数的形式由谓语动词后的主语的形式决定。如:out of sth. grows a

41、market for.(由 a market 决定谓语动词 grows). (A) from which的 which 指代 it 即 The Achaemenid empire，而从逻辑意思上,which 应该指代script. 根据倒装结构的要求,was 应该用 were(B) and 错误的将 bringing 和 deriving 并列起来,使得 deriving 后面的结构也成为了主句的伴随状语,而逻辑上 both the northern and the southern Indian alphabets 是从 script derive 来的.因此导致逻辑意思错误.(C)正确，后

42、半部分是倒装，应该是 both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive from the Aramaic script(D) derives 应该改为用复数形式(E)犯了同 B 选项相同的逻辑错误句子结构: The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached, bringing with it the9.(24979-!-item-!-188;#058&001658)Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women

43、 collaborated toweave a new woolen robe that they used to dress a statue of the goddess Athena and that thisrobe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athenas father, and giants.(A) Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaborated toweave a new woolen robe that t

44、hey used to dress(B) Based on records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which to dress(C) According to records from ancient Athens, each year young Athenian women collaboratedto weave a new woolen robe that they used to dress(D) Reco

45、rds from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed(E) Records from ancient Athens indicate each year young Athenian women had collaborated to weave a new woolen robe for dressing 考点:逻辑表达（Logical Predication）句子结构（Gramma

46、tical Construction）、平行对称（Parallelism）1)分词短语在句首起状语作用,逻辑主语等于句子主语2) indicate thatand that构成并列的宾语从句3)在正式书面语中，宾语从句中的that通常不能省略(A) young Athenian women作为Based on的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑;未划线部分的and that从语法上跟that they used平行,共同修饰a new woolen robe,不符合逻辑.(B)逻辑主语错误;未划线部分的and that没有并行的对象;关系代词which后应该接句子, (C) young Athenian women作为According to的逻辑主语,不符合逻辑;未划线部分的and that从语法上跟that they used平行,共同修饰a new woolen robe,不符合逻辑(D)正确,句首没有使用分词短语,有效的避免的逻辑主语问题;indicate thatand that构成了宾语从句的并行结构(E)未划线部分的a