非谓语动词用法.ppt

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1、1. 句法功能比较 The school to be built is intended for the disabled children. The school being built is intended for the disabled children. The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.2. 不定式和动名词作主语 （1）动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身。不过有时两者区别很小。如： R

2、eading English novels is really great fun. To read English novels this evening will take most of my time. （2）动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而动名词作主语是较少使用形式主语，一般在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesting等句型中常用it作为形式主语。如： It is hard to make him change his mind. It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. （3）不定式作主

3、语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如： It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. （4）在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。 （5）疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如： Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? （6）在句型 “There be no + 主语”中，习惯上常用动名词作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如： There is no parking around here. There is no telling what

4、 will happen. =It is impossible to tell what will happen. （7）动词不定式、动名词作主语时都有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词of/for引导的名词或宾语代词；动名词的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如： Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. The students knowing English well helped them in learning French. （8）当表语是动名词时，

5、主语要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.3. 不定式、分词和动名词作表语 （1）表示一般的概念时，不定式和动名词可以互换。如： What she likes is watching/to watch children play. （2）表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式；而表示抽象概念一般用动名词。如： My wish is to become a famous pianist. （3）动名词作表语和主语指的是一回事，常可与主语换位，回答what或doing what的问题。现在

6、分词作表语，表示主语的性质和特征，回答how的问题，其主语可以是具体的人或物。如： Their job is finishing the experiment by the end of this week. The story is very exciting. （4）现在分词作表语表示主动概念，过去分词作表语(表状态)表示被动概念。如： They were deeply moved to hear the old mans story. What he said isnt interesting at all. （5）过去分词作表语，强调状态，分词前可加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by

7、引起的短语，语态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，语态概念较强。如： The shop is closed. The door is closed by the wind. （6）动名词和现在分词作表语时与进行时态形式相同。动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特征；而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。如： My job is teaching young children to climb mountains. What you teach is very interesting. I was teaching the children maths when you passe

8、d by.4. 不定式、动名词作宾语 （1）部分动词只能接不定式作宾语： agree, decide, refuse, pretend, manage, promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望）, afford to do（买得起，承担得起）, bother to do（特意）, choose to do（愿意或决定）,attempt/seek to do（试图）, learn to do, would like/love to do, would prefer to do, be about to do等。 （2）下列动词和短语

9、必须跟动名词作宾语： understand, admit, keep (on), practice, finish, imagine, miss, avoid, escape, suggest, dislike, enjoy, delay, excuse, mind, appreciate, oppose. be worth, pay attention to, object to, cant help（忍不住）, devote to, put off（推迟）, be/get used to（习惯于）, feel like, look forward to, get down to（开始做，认

10、真做）, how/what about, There is no point (in) doing sth.（做某事毫无意义） （3）可跟不定式和动名词作宾语，且意义相差不大的动词。这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指具体的或一次性的行为，而动名词则指概括性、经常性的动作或体验。常用的这类动词有：like, begin, hate, start, propose, continue, prefer, love等。如： I like reading/to read China Daily. Lets continue playing/to play the game. （4）可跟不定式和动名词作宾语，但

11、意义相差很大的动词。 try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 remember doing sth. 回忆起过去做过 remember to do sth. 记住要做 regret doing sth. 对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔 regret to do sth. 对马上要做的事表示遗憾 mean doing 意味着,意思是 mean to do sth. 打算,想要 forget to do sth.忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘了已做过的事cant help doing sth. 禁不住cant help to do st

12、h. 不能帮忙做某事 I couldnt help shaking with so few clothes on. I cant help to clean the place up. stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事 stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续干未干完的事 go on to do sth. 继续干另一件事 动词want, need, require, deserve作“需要”解时，后接不定式被动式或动名词的主动式。这时动名词主动形式表示被动意义。 Your paper needs checking/to b

13、e checked again. （5）有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”结构作复合宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句，使用这类结构时，不定式前不能再加引出的逻辑主语；不定式的动作在时间概念上必须后于前面的动词，否则就应用于宾语从句。动名词无这种用法。能接这类复合宾语的常见动词有： know, see, decide, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。 Hearing the sad news, she didnt know

14、what to do. I couldnt decide whether to work another year or change my job. （6）当不定式、动名词作宾语，后面有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动名词放在补足语之后。 He thought it an honor to have been invited to dinner. I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. （7）动名词常作介词的宾语，而不定式只作but, except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词+不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。 I

15、am looking forward to meeting you again. I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance. We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team.5. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语 （1）现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具描绘性。而不定式作宾语补足语一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束，或即将发生。如： I found a strange person walking near

16、by our shop all day. I dont often see him go to the cinema. （2）现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是主动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示它与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人来完成。如： We heard her singing next door.（主动进行） We hears her often sing next door. （主动一般） We heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成） We heard the song being sung next doo

17、r. （被动进行） （3）下列动词和短语必须以不定式为宾语补足语： wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on, long for sb. to do （4）在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语，有时to be省略。 We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作

18、的结果，而动词不定式被动语态作宾语补足语是强调动作的过程。但是现在的倾向是：在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示意愿的动词后的宾语补足语如果用的是不定式被动语态，可省to be, 从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。如： I dont like such things (to be) discussed this way. We all dont want the land (to be) built on. （5）特别注意以下动词的宾语补足语形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。 make + O + C S + be madedo宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。done宾语与

19、宾补动作为被动关系。to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 Those who wont work should be made to work. He couldnt make himself heard. keep (leave) + O + C S + be + kept (left) Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day. His work was left undone. find sb. doing sth. find sth. done S + be found d

20、oing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。doingdone A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. with + O + C He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected presiden

21、t is having a hard time. catch sb. doing be caught doing He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.doing doneto do have sb./sth. do sth. have sb./sth. doing sth. have sth. done Whom would you like to have handle the complicated problem? Dont have your child do

22、ing exercises all day long. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. get sb. to do sth. get sth. done Youll never get her to agree. When are you going to get your hair cut?6. 不定式、分词和动名词作定语 （1）不定式与分词作定语的区别主要表现在时态上：不定式作定语通常指将要发生的动作；现在分词作定语指正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语表已经完成的动作。如： I have three letter

23、s to write this evening. Do you know the man sitting at the desk? Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? （2）现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的单词的动作，两者存在逻辑上的主谓关系，读时都有重音。动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，读时只重读名词。 动名词作定语只能置于被修饰词的前面，而分词作定语有时可前置，有时可后置。如： a sleeping baby= a baby who is sleeping a sleeping car

24、= a car for sleeping =a car which is used for sleeping （3）作定语时，过去分词常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。如： The flyover bridge built last year cost $12, 000. I dont like to hear songs sung by young people. All the fallen leaves have been cleared away. （4）v.-ing形式作后置定语则可表示：正在进行或发生的行为（变为定语从句要用进行

25、时态）；现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句是常用一般时态）。如： The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. The music being played (=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. （5）短暂性动词的-ing形式一般式一般不用作后置定语。如： Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. ( ) Most of the people being

26、 invited to the party were famous scientists. ( ) （6）现在分词的完成式一般不能做后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。如： This is the questioned discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.X The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. （7）being +adj. 不能单独做后置定语。如： Anyone being fit f

27、or this job can sign your name here. ( ) Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here. ( ) （8）分词作定语时，如有逗号与被修饰的名词分开，相当于一个非限制性的定语。如： The story, written by a young girl, became popular with the young. （9）不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。如： It is spring, the time for us to plant trees.X7. 不定式和分词作状语 （1）不定式作状

28、语通常表示目的或结果，表示目的时前面可用in order或so as，以示强调。表示结果时常用于too to , enough to do , only to 等结构中。如： I saved every cent in order to buy a car. The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. （2）做原因状语时，过去分词与v-ing形式被动一般式可以互换。但还是单独使用过去分词的为多。如： Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well. （3）作

29、方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用v-ing形式被动一般式，即不用being done形式。如： Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. （4）作时间状语用时，过去分词如同时表示被动和动作完成，常可换用现在分词的被动完成式；过去分词如果只表被动，不表示完成，则不可换用。如： Read many times (Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. ( ) Seen from on the top of the hi

30、ll, the park looks more beautiful. （5）与否定词not连用时多用v-ing形式。如： Not being included, I have to find another chance. （6）使用分词或分词短语作句子的状语时，有一条原则必须遵守，即分词或分词短语的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是不正确的或是不正规的。 Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes. Looking around, I found there was no one nearby. （7）有些约定俗成的分词或分词短语作状语，尽管它们

31、与句子的主语不一致（即不存在主谓关系），也被认为是正确的。这种分词短语作状语解释整个句子。如： Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. Considering the weather, the sports meeting will be put off. Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries.备考窗：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一、不定式与其逻辑主语1、 it作形式主语代替作真正主语的不定式时，用for或of引出该

32、不定式的逻辑主语，即构成“it is + adj./n. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.”结构。当该形容词或名词在意义上描述的是to do sth.的特征时，用for引出逻辑主语；当该形容词描述的是逻辑主语sb. 的特征时，用of引出逻辑主语。如： It is necessary for you to have a talk with him. It is foolish of you to do it like that.2、 不定式作定语时，用for引出其逻辑主语。如： There was nothing for us to fear. It was the bes

33、t book for them to read.3、不定式做原因状语位于形容词之后时，用for引出逻辑主语。如： I am pleased for you to help me with my English.4、句中含有形式宾语it，含有充当宾语补足语的形容词或名词，还含有充当真正宾语的不定式时，即在“find/think/consider + it +adj. /n. + (for sb.) + to do sth.”的句式中，也可用for引出逻辑主语。如： They found it important for us to collect more money for the proje

34、ct.二、动名词与其逻辑主语 动名词与其逻辑主语构成动名词复合结构。这种复合结构有以下具体形式：1）形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 + 动名词（作主语、宾语或表语）。（2）人称代词的宾格/名词 + 动名词（只作宾语或表语）。如： I do not mind Bobs/Bob/his/him smoking in the room. Bobs/His being late made me unhappy.三、分词与其逻辑主语 “逻辑主语+分词”就是我们通常所说的独立主格结构。当句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，分词必须带上自己的逻辑主语。如： The last bus having left, we

35、 had to walk home.Exercise1. You were silly not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked2. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.

36、A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept6. The ne

37、ws reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told7. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing an

38、d Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known9. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run10. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming.A. forget B. forgot C

39、. forgetting D. to forget11. _ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed to B. ExposingC. Having exposed D. Being exposed12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. do not make13. The research is so de

40、signed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun14. Many things _ impossible in the past are common today.A. considering B. to considerC. considered D. being considered15. People are talking about the play _ in two days at the theatre.A. to perform

41、 B. being performedC. performed D. to be performed16. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV. There are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to from B. form C. forming D. having formed17. The disc digitally _ in the studio sounded fantastic at the party that nig

42、ht. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded18. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited19. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another tw

43、o days on the farm. A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted20. I dont know whether you happen _, but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard21. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film sta

44、rs had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told22. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 23. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam. A. pass B. to pass C. passed D

45、. passing 24. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 25. Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, sports or shopping? A. spend B. spending C. being spent

46、D. to spend26. You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had _ her children. A. brought up B. to bring up C. bringing up D. to have brought up27. The eighteen-storeyed building, when _, will shut out the sun _ up the rooms in my house. A. completed; lighted B. completing; lighting C. completin

47、g; lighted D. completed; lighting28. While _ the benefits of membership, China will also follow the rules of the WTO. A. enjoys B. enjoyed C. enjoying D. to enjoy29. Id like to buy an expensive camera. -Well, we have several models _. A. to choose from B. of choice C. to be chosen D. for choosing30. What worried the child most was _ to visit his brother in hospital. A. his not being allowed B. his not allowing C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed