托福阅读否定事实信息题难点最新.docx

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1、托福阅读否定事实信息题难点托福阅读否定事实信息题难点 托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对文章或段落主题抓取实力的考察 答题时留意看每个选项，尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时，就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片文章的主题是相悖的。 请看下面例题： Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerge

2、d reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill. Which point is NOT made by

3、theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2? A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible. B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships. C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska. D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-bas

4、ed pipeline. 这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语，故不能作为关键信息词。而发觉A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目，也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加阅读后，发觉land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline 这句话当中出现rather than, 锁定D选项中同样的话语，刚好与原文观点相反，所以选择D. 托福阅读

5、否定事实信息题考点：对最基本的细微环节信息理解的考察 这里可以用更简洁的说法：从词中选。 所谓从词中选，就是可以在文章中找到几个名词，他们排列存在，共同构成某一事务的全部细微环节。这时候，出题者会提取出其中三个，并在文章别处或者自编一个跟本领件并无关系的名词(词组)。 请看下面的例子： In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war,

6、butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NYs controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on APartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, whi

7、chcombined with Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels. Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? A. Rapid population growth B. Inflation C. Economic conditions duringwartime D. Rec

8、ord-high housing prices 在这道解除题中，由于四个选项供应的信息都是用名词词组，我们可以断定，段落中肯定存在其中三个词组，而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica, California. 故可将此地名作为关键词，锁定答案所在句子，然后逐一解除。而as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, which combinedwith Californias rapid population growth, push

9、ed housing prices, . 这句话当中分别提到了A, B, D三个答案，所以答案为C. 托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对事务发展程序理解的考察 这类解除题，也可以叫做-从句中选。即考题所供应的答案均为相对比较完整的句子，那么其中有三句话，肯定是表达了整个事务发展比较关键的几个步骤，只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类解除题通常比较耗费时间，考生须要精确推断其事务发展步骤，甚至要通读全段，才能找出正确选项。这里，我给大家供应一种在很大程度上节约时间的方法-点对点找寻。 请看下面的例子： The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in

10、western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChi

11、nese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine fo

12、r at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce. It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauc

13、e C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce 对于这道题，题干中没有任何指示性的词汇，我们无法推断是从事务的哪个阶段入手，那么就只能每个答案逐一解除。细致阅读A选项，然后发觉A选项中有17th century， 故可以将其作为关键线索，去文中找寻，called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century 文中的这句话表明A

14、不能作为正确答案。那么接着看B， B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去找寻两个国籍名词同时出现的句子，通过推断， this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明，B也不能作为正确答案。接着看C，C 选项当中有Chinese, 还有seafood andspices，于是锁定文中句子the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices, 故C也不

15、是正确选项。至此，我们可以干脆选择D作为解除选项。 托福阅读：修辞目的题举例分析 托福阅读的十种题型中，修辞目的题，跟其他题型不相比，独具匠心。托福阅读考试中修辞目的题注意考察单词，短语或是句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用和逻辑。这要求大家在阅读中，要有意识地留意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。 此次目的题参考的内容基本可以分为三类，其一，作者在句中提到一些单词或短语或是句子是为了举例说明之前的相关信息点，协助读者更好地理解原文的信息。其二，作者供应相关信息目的在于说明说明某一现象或是事务，本质与举例说明较为类似，也是为了帮助读者更好地理解信息，其三，作者在提出某些重要的观点时，为了突出个

16、别的信息点，而引入一些单词短语或句子，目的是为了强度。基于对修辞目的题作者写作目的本身的分析和理解，我们可以更好地解决相关题目。以下以第一种举例说明的状况为例，重点讲解如何解决此类题目。 我们来看一道题，此题出自TPO14-children and advertising中的第10题，题干问why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?依据题干关键词定位到文中对应的句子，Host selling

17、 occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.读完句子看到句中的插入短语for example，知道此句式为例子，属于举例说明，我们都知道例子是用来证明之前的信息，所以向前反推，看到紧接其前这样的内容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been c

18、onflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.这两句第一句说明了host selling，其次句提到host selling的影响，所以得知紧接其后的句子是为了例证这两点信息，即host selling的概念以及它产生的影响。得出正确选项To help explain what is

19、 meant by the term host selling and why it can be misleading to children。 再比如TPO16中trade and the ancient middle east一文中第12题考到In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?依据题干关键词定位到原文句子：as occurred when Europea

20、n seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.读句子as表示正如得知此处为举例说明，例证之前的信息，看到前半句since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power。得知

21、提到Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa目的是为了证明新的国际贸易路途的发展可能破坏货币基础并且侵蚀国家权力。得出答案为To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade。 再如TPO25 The surface of mars一文中的第6题In paragraph 3, why does the author compa

22、re Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?依据题干关键词定位到原文句子It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus has similar surface gravity.通过句中短语

23、It is no accident that得知此处为举例论证，所以向前看，紧接其前的句子为The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.可知原文想要阐述的信息是地心引力和山脉高度干脆的关系，而且地心引力越低则重量越低，随之山的高度越高，所以紧接其后比较Maxwell Mons on Venus 和the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth完全是为了论证这个信息，由此简单选得正确选项为To help explain the rela

24、tionship between surface gravity and volcano height。 修辞目的题中，举例论证是常考点，常见的表示举例的提示性的单词或短语有：for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of/this is the case等。假如题干中关键词对应原文的句子里有相关的表示例证的单词，短语出现，则向前看前面的句子，答案也就随之出现出来。所以在平常的阅读练习中，大家肯定要留意句子之间逻辑关系，句与句之间不是相互独立的，而是紧密联系，相互支撑，构建段落，甚至是全文。 托福阅读：总结题的方法 解决托福

25、阅读总结题的方法： 一、清晰文章的论证类型 总分型一般简单出这类考题。我以中文为例，丽丽老师是一个特别好的人。首先，她很乐于助人例如一次我望见她扶一个盲人过公路，其次丽丽老师很慷慨，有一次我望见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元)，第三丽丽很虚心和平易近人。 如下面这样的文章特殊简单出总结题 Lily is a nice person. 1、 丽丽乐于助人 2、 丽丽扶一个盲人过公路 3、 丽丽老师很慷慨 4、 老余捐了100元 5、 丽丽很虚心和平易近人 6、 丽丽常常打架 正确答案应当是：1、3、5 二、解决方法： 一)主体词解除错误选项法 首先抓住要总结的关键词也就是主体词，就是

26、要问哪方向的内容，如上个例子，主体题丽丽肯定会在正确答案中出现，不然问的是丽丽可以答案谈论的是别人，就变得完全不相关了，依据这个特点我们可以解除 4老余捐了100元。 如OG上的一道总结题可以干脆运用主体词解除错误选项的方法 The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century. 1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors 2、 Thomas Edisons design of the Ki

27、netoscope inspired the development of large screen projection. 3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately. 4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented. 5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen 6、 once

28、 films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption 其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词，本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema. 二)细微环节信息解除法 总结题是对对文章的高度概括所以细微环节的出现犯了以偏概全的错误，如中文例子中的2、丽丽扶一个盲人过公路。 这是一个详细的事实细微环节，我们要绕过例子看总结。所以在解除它。 如OG中的一道题目 This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likel

29、y origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins Answer choices 1 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(这是本文的主题) 2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(总结性信息) 3、The skeleton o

30、f Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (肯定的事实细微环节)-解除 4 Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found(肯定的事实细微环节)-解除 5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.(主题) 6、Ambulocetushind legs were used for propulsion in the water. (肯定的事实细微环节)-解除 三)新信息出现解除 如6：丽丽常常打架，原文没有出现，所以正确答案中肯定没有。 托福