非谓语动词精讲.ppt

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1、非谓语动词非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。动名词动名词gerund不定式不定式infinitive分词分词participle考纲解读考纲解读非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容，既是高考的亮点又是高考的热点。 非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。非谓语动词的完成式完成式、被动式被动式的用法和特点。 非谓语动词的复合结构复合结构及否定形式。不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语及

2、物动词后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。 过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 不定式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。 带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。考察热点考察热点命题特点命题特点1.从内容上来看：不定式和分词的用法较多。2.从形式上来看：非谓语动词的一般式占绝大多数。3.从功能上来看：主要考查非谓语动词作状语、宾语和定语的用法。1. 不定式和现在分词形式多样，结构复杂，内涵丰富,功能较多, 最能体现英语独特的形式特征，又极易对中国考生带来麻烦。因此,命题人热衷于使用它们作为考查武器。2. 考查立意较低,主要考查的非谓语的一些最基本的用法。 但是题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂

3、化，加大了考生对题干句的理解难度。3. 设问的角度呈现出多样化趋势，不仅仅是非谓语间的互相干扰，同时利用了祈使句与以非谓语动词开首的句子结构上相似的特点，对考生造成了很大的麻烦。4. 2008年后对非谓语动词考查密度增大。非谓语动词的四大分类均出现了较频繁的考查. 总体来看，考查比较细，比较全。 20182018年高考命题预测年高考命题预测1.题目难度继续保持稳定,难度中等偏下,考查非谓语动词最基本、最常见的用法，但考查的内容可能会更细。2.试题的句子都比较短，没有太复杂的结构出现,突出在具体的语境中知识的灵活使用。3.非谓语动词作状语、定语、宾语的用法依然是考查的重点。4.含非谓语动词的常用

4、句型和固定搭配可能成为命题的热点。解题方法解题方法解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静。要遵循以下解题思路： 解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补)； 找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动)； 搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式； 将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺、或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。非谓语动词的句法作用及高考热点非谓语动词的句法作用及高考热点主语主语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语定语定语状语状语不定式不定式动名词动名词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词1性质：具有动词的特点，但在句中起名词、形容

5、词、副词的：具有动词的特点，但在句中起名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即除谓语以外一切成分。用，即除谓语以外一切成分。2形式 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词，充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词，充当表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。 动名词和现在分词动名词和现在分词The Gerund&The Present ParticipleA 动词动词-

6、ing形式的一般式形式的一般式1 动名词的一般式泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。动名词的一般式泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. Learning is important to modern life.2 现在分词的一般式，表示与谓语动词同时发生。现在分词的一般式，表示与谓语动词同时发生。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.也表示发生在谓语动词动作之前或之后。也表示发生在谓语动词动作之前或之后。 I remembered sending him an e-

7、mail last week. He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. B 动词动词-ing形式的完成式形式的完成式现在分词完成式表示已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词动作之前。现在分词完成式表示已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.动名词的完成式动名词的完成式作宾语作宾语可用一般式来代替。可用一般式来代替。I really regretted missing s

8、uch an exciting lecture. (=I rally regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film. (=We remembered having seen the film.)C 动词动词-ing形式的被动形式形式的被动形式分词的被动形式表示分词的被动形式表示逻辑主语逻辑主语是该分词是动作的是该分词是动作的承受者承受者。 The question being discussed is very important. I cant stand being kept

9、waiting.。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.D 动词动词-ing形式的否定形式形式的否定形式动名词的否定形式，动名词的否定形式，not+动名词。动名词。His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. A 动词动词-ing形式作主语形式作主语1 动名词位于句首，作主语。动名词位于句首，作主语。 Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe.2 为了保持句子平衡，先行词为了保持句子平衡，

10、先行词it作形式主语，真正的主语作形式主语，真正的主语放在句末。放在句末。 It is no use crying over spilt milk. Its a waste of time arguing about it.动名词作主语常用句型。动名词作主语常用句型。Its no good talking to him. It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.Its worth making an effort. There is no saying when it will stop raining. There i

11、s no joking about such matters. B 动词动词-ing形式作表语形式作表语1 动名词表示主语的内容动名词表示主语的内容Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 2 现在分词表示主语具有的特征现在分词表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite puzzling. 1. Her work is _( look )after the children.2. My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University.3. One of my bad habit

12、 is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.只接动名词而不接动词不定式作宾语只接动名词而不接动词不定式作宾语admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设

13、想 cannot help 情不自禁 D 现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语1 在在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后，作宾语补足语，和一个名词等表示感官和心理状态的动词后，作宾语补足语，和一个名词/代词构成复合宾语。代词构成复合宾语。 We heard the children shouting upstairs. I felt my heart beating violently.我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。2 现在分词和不

14、定式作宾语补足语的区别。现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。现在分词，表示动作正在进行；不定式，表示动作发生了，即动作现在分词，表示动作正在进行；不定式，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.他看见一个女孩上公共汽他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。车后开走了。3 have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等使役动词后作宾语补足语。等使役动词后作

15、宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。如果宾语补足语是一系列动作，只能用不定式，不用分词。如果宾语补足语是一系列动作，只能用不定式，不用分词。 I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette

16、. E 动词动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语1 单个动词单个动词-ing形式作前置定语，两种含义。形式作前置定语，两种含义。 动名词表示被修饰名词的用途和性能。动名词表示被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method of working 工作方法a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room

17、 候车室a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖 现在分词表示所修饰人或物的动作或状态，相当于定语从句，现在分词表示所修饰人或物的动作或状态，相当于定语从句，表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或状态。表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或状态。developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary

18、看起来很普通的房子a barking dog 狂吠的狗狂吠的狗 an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险惊人的冒险a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿熟睡的婴儿 the coming week 下一周下一周boiling water 正在沸腾的水正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun 落日落日 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧令人失望的戏剧2 现在分词短语作定语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。现在分词短语作定语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。The bottle containing vine

19、gar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去3 某些情况下，动词某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 现在分词作定语表示动作要与主句谓语同时发生，如两者不能同现在分词作定语表示动作要与主句谓语同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The professor who came here yesterday

20、will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 现在分词的完成式只用来作状语，不作定语。现在分词的完成式只用来作状语，不作定语。【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 F 现在分词作状语现在分词作状语现在分词作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、现

21、在分词作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。现在分词作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.(= After we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.(= Since he w

22、as ill.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. = and left him a lot of money.4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the d

23、amage. = Although they knew all this.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列句。表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列句。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time_a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Havin

24、g not received没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用having done ;此题又是表此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为否定含义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having done; 故选故选 c-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法 European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make He rush

25、ed to the train station, only _ the train had gone. A. finding B. found C. finds D. to findMaking it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。式表示突然，出乎意料。His parents died, leaving him an orphanHe rushed to the post office o

26、nly to find it was closed.动词动词 -ing的逻辑主语的逻辑主语 A 动名词作主语动名词作主语动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)如果作主语的动词如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worr

27、ied him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语)B 动名词作表语动名词作表语其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，也可带有自己的逻辑主语。其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)C 动名词作定语动名词作定语其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book = a book that int

28、erests its readersa running stream = a stream that is running如果现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，用被动式。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，用被动式。The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.(the meeting和举行是被动关系，所以用being held)D 动名词作宾语动名词作宾语动名词作宾语，其逻辑主语是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行动名词作宾语，其逻辑主语是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以前加名词或代词表示逻辑主语。者，也可

29、以前加名词或代词表示逻辑主语。He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”) He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。(doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)Would you mind opening the window?请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”) Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我把窗子打开吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”) E 现在分词作宾语补

30、足语现在分词作宾语补足语逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song (being) sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。) F 现在分词作状语现在分词作状语1 现在分词作状语，逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致。Entering the classroom, I found nobody i

31、n it.如分词动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚

32、报)【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该分词必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.固定动词的-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from., considering., talking of., s

33、upposing.等，逻辑主语可以和句子主语不一致，可当作插入语。Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.Supposing it rains, what will you do?假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？关于逻辑主语的问题 1. _to the m

34、eeting surprised all of the boards.A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules.A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend 把从句转换成短语That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.动词不定式动词不定式The InfiniteTo do that

35、 sort of thing is foolish. 作主语作主语I want to see you this evening. 作宾语作宾语I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.作宾补作宾补All you have to do is to finish it quickly. 作表语作表语We found a house to live in. 作定语作定语She came here to study English. 作状语作状语作主语作主语1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。T

36、o master a foreign language is really important nowadays.2. 放弃吸烟是对的。放弃吸烟是对的。 To give up smoking is right.作表语作表语1. 我的工作是教英语。我的工作是教英语。My job is to teach English.2. 眼见为实。眼见为实。To see is to believe.作宾语作宾语1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job.2. 他

37、答应不告述任何人这事。他答应不告述任何人这事。He promised not to tell anyone about it.作宾补作宾补1. 她叫我呆在这儿。她叫我呆在这儿。She asked me to stay there.2.请允许我介绍请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。给你们。Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.作定语作定语1. 你有什么要说的吗你有什么要说的吗? Do you have anything to say?2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人是第一个知道这真相的人 Betty was the first to

38、 know the truth.作状语作状语He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.目的状语They jumped with joy to hear the news.原因状语Im too tired to walk any further tonight.结果状语注意注意A.有些动词后面的不定式有些动词后面的不定式不带不带to，如，如feel（一感）（一感）hear, listen to（二听）（二听）make, have, let（三让）（三让） see, watch, notice, observe（四看）。（四看）。The teac

39、her made me answer the question.We watched them play football.B. 动词不定式的否定式只须在动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加前加 not。My father decided not to take up the job.The teacher told us not to be late again.C. 带疑问词的动词不定式在带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。前加疑问词。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.Can you tell me where to get the

40、 book?D. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，省略的动词不定式只作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，省略的动词不定式只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).动词不定式的时态语态动词不定式的时态语态一般式一般式( to do )不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之

41、后发生。乎同时）发生，或之后发生。I opened the door to enter the room.Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 进行式进行式( to be doing)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。所表示的动作正在进行。I am very glad to be working with you.He is said to be coming.过去分词的特征过去分词的特征 1 过去分词表示完成、被动，除了形容词化的过去分词外

42、。过去分词表示完成、被动，除了形容词化的过去分词外。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.2 及物动词的过去分词表被动。及物动词的过去分词表被动。Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的时间，我就

43、能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语句子的主语I和动词和动词give之间是被动关系。之间是被动关系。)When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语宾语yourself和宾补和宾补understand之间是被动关系。之间是被动关系。)The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.3 不及物动词的过去分词表完成，不表被动。不及物动词的过去分词表完成，不表被动。an escaped prisoner

44、 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escapeda retired worker 退休工人 = a worker who has retireda newly arrived guest 新来的客人 = a guest who has just arrivedPeople should pay attention to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。 A 过去分词作表语过去分词作表语 1 过去分词在系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。过去分词在系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。The students are fully prepared.学

45、生们已做好了充分的准备。When we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那时，商店已经关门了。而被动语态表示被执行的动作。而被动语态表示被执行的动作。Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。2 同一个动词的过去分词与现在分词作表语的区别。同一个动词的过去分词与现在分词作表语的区别。过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，表被动，而过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，表被动，而现在

46、分词作表语表示主语具有的特征，表主动。现在分词作表语表示主语具有的特征，表主动。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.amusing 使人高兴的使人高兴的 amused开心的开心的encouraging 鼓舞人心的鼓舞人心的encouraged 受鼓励的受鼓励的disappointing 令人失望的令人失望的 disappointed 失望的失望的exciting 使人激动的使人激动的 excit

47、ed激动的激动的puzzling 迷惑人的迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的迷惑的satisfying 令人满意的令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的感到满意的分词与动名词作表语时的区别。1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May.2. Toms job was _( guard ) the factory.3. His lecture is _( interest ), which made us _( interest ).4. The situation is _( encourage). B 过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语当

48、作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，用过去分当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，用过去分词作宾语补足语。词作宾语补足语。1. 在感官动词在感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾语补足语。等后作宾语补足语。I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。动词动词get后接动词不定式或动词后接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和

49、宾语是主形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。动关系。I couldnt get the car to start this morning. He got his sister to help him with his clothes. It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!Can you really get that old clock going again?你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？2 在使役动词在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。等后作宾语补足语

50、。 过去分词作过去分词作get的宾语补足语。的宾语补足语。Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 过去分词作过去分词作make的宾语补足语。的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 过去分词作过去分词作keep或或leave的宾语补足语。的宾语补足语。They all went home, leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。 使役动词使役动词