英语学习资料(第一期).docx

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1、英语学习资料(第一期)危险英语一危险英语一英语中的禁忌语的来历英语中的禁忌语的来历对于有些英语词汇，父母、老师、宗教人士以及教义书籍都会告诫年轻人不要随意讲出口。这种“词汇审查制度避免了危险词汇可能在公共场合给人带来的紧张。人们选择发明新词来代替那些不雅的、讲不出口的词，可有些时候这些新词最后也会变成禁忌语。美国社会在20世纪最后30年中发生了很多的变化，如今，很多禁忌词眼通常能够被接受，无论是出如今社团中、女性中还是媒体上，而在以前是绝对不可能耳闻的。但是在下面场合照旧不欢迎危险词汇：教会学校、祷告堂、办公室、正式会议、混合了不同年龄层次和性别的聚会、在有老年人和小孩子的地方。哪些话题是禁忌

2、的些话题是禁忌的？除了医务所之外，美国人不在正式场合议论的话题包括：与人体的性器官或性行为有关的与排泄等卫生间内的事务有关的呕吐或者挖鼻屎之类恶心的事情癌症或者死亡之类令人沮丧的事情美国人也尽量避免讨论宗教、政治和种族事件，以防止可能引发的观点冲突。当然了，很多的情景剧由于元素的需要，往往刻意制造这些冲突。哪些词眼是禁忌的哪些词眼是禁忌的？ReinholdAman博士是“坏词maledicta方面的研究专家。他以为，禁忌词汇能够分三类：淫秽下流的(obscenities)；亵渎上帝的(blashpemies)；诽谤诽谤的(slurs)。OBSCENTITIES是一些粗俗的词汇，涉及：人体的性部

3、位、性行为、排泄行为。不过，在几世纪前，这些词例如cockJB，其实中文中把JB全拼出来也比拟禁忌，fuck操，shit屎曾能够自由使用。BLASPHEMIES是宗教训导们所以为的禁忌，包括Goddamnit；gotoHell；JesusChrist!这些词允许出如今宗教文书中，但仅此罢了。SLURS是指对别人的国籍、种族带有侮辱性的词眼，像kike犹太佬，wop移居美国的南欧人，尤其是意大利人，nigger黑鬼都名列于最最危险词汇的榜单上。分享THESHARERSIPC&ICCT2020.03第一期第一期WelearnWeshare趣味课堂为什么以上这些话题和词眼是禁忌和词眼是禁忌？禁忌有来

4、历某些禁忌，也有被解除的一天。在历史的某个阶段，某一群体公布某个词汇或者话题当成为禁忌。假如这个群体在社会上足够有影响力的话，那么这个禁忌由此而成。美洲的英语社会于17世纪初开场构成。来自英格兰的清教徒为寻找信仰自由，乘着五月花移民至美洲。他们对性方面的戒律甚是严格：性是为了生育孩子，出于其他目的的性行为都是罪，是对上帝的猥亵。教会还训导众人，任何可能让人们想到性的东西不仅仅是语言不应当被暴露于阳光之下，被看到或者听到。于是，与肉体行为相关的词眼也因而成了禁忌。到如今，4个世纪过去了，但是美国人照旧受这段早期历史的影响。大体上能够这么讲：当话题涉及到裸体、性以及排泄行为等令他们感到尴尬的事物时

5、，美国人就变得非常清教徒式。作为基督教的至上之书，（s经）中有部分思想是基于犹太教经文的。它训导众人，上帝不许人随意呼God，否则就是对神不敬，犯了亵渎神灵的罪。这就是BLASPHEME的来历。美国历史在很长一段时间内种族关系非常恶劣。从1619至1863年，很多主要是美国南方白人土地主把非洲黑人当做奴隶驱使，直到南北战争之后，黑人才得以解放，有了自由之身。而在之后的一百年，黑人并没有获得公民权，包括所在州的投票权。同一时期，北美土著居民印第安人在与美国政府的争斗中屡屡失败，加上疾病和饥荒，人口不断减少。尽管在今日的美国，种族关系得到了改善，但是众多旧痛并未被遗忘，疑虑感和厌恶感在某些领域照旧

6、存在。某一族群对另一族群的称呼往往带有贬低冒犯之意。很多具有良知的人士视之为禁忌，知道这些词眼会伤害别人。在白人中，NIGGER可能是美国英语中最具有禁忌色彩的一个词了。不同种族的移民群体往往由于语言障碍而不能互相之间很好地沟通，往往一个种族群体对另一个种族群体的称谓就不是那么地尊重。除了种族问题之外，还有下面这些弱势或者非主流的人群也往往难以获得法定权利或社会地位：女性、同性恋、残障人士、身相劣等如猪八戒、儿童、老年人、肥胖者、身高不具优势者、穷人。对这些人的称呼往往是带有贬义色彩的。禁忌词汇的作用是什么？禁忌词汇有着它的神奇气力。叛逆的青春期孩子用禁忌词汇来摆酷或毁坏规矩；大声喊出一两个禁

7、忌词汇有助于人释放压力，缓解痛苦；男人之间用禁忌的社交词汇来增进哥们感情；情侣之间使用禁忌的性事词汇来激发快感；而情景喜剧的演员们使用各种各样的禁忌语来到达搞笑的目的。为什么会有那么多的词汇用来指称性和其他禁忌物呢？禁忌语其实很有意思。人们也会花大量时间考虑和讨论与禁忌有关的话题。在很多时候，人们用委婉语euphemisms或是安然平静的off-color,slightlysmutty俚语来代替禁忌词汇。所以，尽管英语的普通词汇中讲肩膀shoulder、耳朵ear和膝盖knee都分别只要一个词，但是当涉及到人体的性部位时，却有上百个的词汇。比方，Buttocks、behind、ass都是指代身

8、体的同一个部位。Buttocks臀部在正式场合使用，是个“干净的词汇，behind后部愈加“干净，基本在大场合也适用。而ass屁股就是个脏词dirtyword了,在非正式场合用得很普遍。又比方关于penis就有很多的别称，dick是其中之一。但同时，Dick也是一个非常普遍的男子名，就像Bill是William的昵称一样，Dick是Richard的昵称。在一个重视礼节的场合，我们能够讨论Dick这个人，但当dick指的是“家伙的时候，就没那个门面拿出来讨论了。不管怎么讲，危险英语真的很危险，由于使用污蔑性的、致怒性的下流语言而遭致杀害并非不曾发生过，所以学好危险英语很重要！下一章下一章：你的发

9、音危险吗？TheFinancialCrisisBadandGettingWorse,butPutAwaythatD-wordItbeganasthesubprimecrisisin2007,andthenmushroomedintoafull-blownglobalrecessionin2020.Andstill,despitemammothgovernmentintervention,thebadnewskeepsgettingworse.Arewenowteeteringonaprecipice,readytoplungeintoanotherGreatDepression?Canthel

10、atestproposalspulltheeconomyoutofitsnosedive?Thereisplentytoworryabout.ButwhilemanyexpertssaythiscrisisistheworstsincetheDepression,thatdoesnotmeanitwillbeasbad.Unemploymentandothereconomicgaugeswillcontinuetoworsen,butunlessgovernmentsmakeamajormisstep,likeignitingaworldwidetradewar,economiesshould

11、stabilizeandrecoveronaveryflatpaththatcouldtakeseveralyears,saysWhartonfinanceprofessorMarshallE.Blume.Japanwentthroughasimilarbankcrisisinthe1990swithouttumblingintoafull-blowndepression,addsWhartonfinanceprofessorJeremyJ.Siegel.GiventhatwerereactingfasterthanJapan,Ithinkyoucanmakeagoodinferencetha

12、tadepressionisnotgoingtohappenhere,hesays.ManyestimatescallforgrossdomesticproductintheU.S.toshrinkby2.6%inthefirstquarterof2020,Siegelnotes.Thatsbad,butsmallcomparedtothe27%declinefrom1929through1933.Adepressionisgenerallydefinedasadropof10%ormore.Still,thereismorebadnewsthangood,andthedepthofthepr

13、oblemcanbemeasuredbythelackofconsensusonwhattodoaboutit.ConsiderthisgloomyobservationinaJanuary20WallStreetJournalstoryabouttheBritishgovernmentsabruptdecisiontopumpbillionsmoreintowhatthewritercalledthecountrysflaggingfinancial-rescueplan:GovernmentsonbothsidesoftheAtlanticarestrugglingtokeepupwith

14、thedeepeningeconomiccrisis-andmayberunningoutofammunitiontobattleit.IntheU.S.,bankscontinuetowithholdloansdespitehugeinfusionsofgovernmentcash,andGoldmanSachsestimatesthatfinancial焦点焦点阅读阅读institutionswilllose$2trilliononloans,withonlyhalfofthatrealizedtodate.Banksareevenstartingtocallinloanstoborrow

15、ers,suchashomebuilders,whohavemadealltheirdebtpaymentsontime.Troublesarenowexpandingtocommercialrealestatefirms.Thenumbersoflayoffs,bankruptciesandforeclosuresaregrowing.Householdnames,suchasCircuitCityelectronicsstores,areclosingtheirdoors,andproblemshaveworsenedatCitigroupandBankofAmericadespitego

16、vernmenthelp.Thereislittleconsensusonhowtoremedytheproblem.Indeed,theU.S.governmentisagainconsideringbuyinguptoxicassetsheldbyfinancialfirms,aplanadoptedlastfallandthenimmediatelyscrappedinfavorofdirectcashinfusionstobanks.Thetaleofwoeandconfusionismuchthesamearoundtheworld.Theeconomicslowdownissost

17、eepastocauseoilpricestodroptoaround$40abarrel,frommorethan$140lastsummer.Tradeissosluggishthatshippingrateshaveplungedtoastonishinglows.TheEuropeanCommissionwarnedonJanuary20thatthe27nationsoftheEuropeanUnionarelikelytoexperienceadeepandprotractedrecession.AttherequestofthenPresident-electBarackObam

18、a,theSenateonJanuary15votedtoreleasethesecondhalfofthe$700billionTroubledAssetReliefProgram.(NoactionbytheHouseisrequired.)CommentsfromObamaadministrationofficialssuggestmuchofthis$350billionmaybeusedtobuybadassetsheldbyfinancialinstitutions.Thoseincludemortgage-backedsecuritiesandotherholdingsthath

19、aveplungedinvalueandbecomeallbutuntradeable.GettingtheseassetsoffthefinancialinstitutionsbookswasattheheartoftheTARPprogramwhenitwasproposedinSeptemberbyTreasurySecretaryHenryPaulsonandFederalReservechairmanBenBernanke.PaulsonandBernankesaythatremovingthetoxicassetswouldremoveuncertaintyaboutthebank

20、shealth,andencouragethebankstoresumelending,seenasthekeytoturningthefinancialcrisisaround.ButafterCongressapprovedTARP,Paulsoninsteadpumpedthemoneydirectlyintotroubledbanks,takingsomepreferredsharesandwarrantsinexchange,arguingthebanksneededquickerhelpbecausetheyhadturnedouttobeinworseshapethanprevi

21、ouslythought.Butthebanksremainreluctanttolend,anditisnotclearthefirsthalfoftheTARPfundwasthegoodinvestmentPaulsonsaiditwas.TheCongressionalBudgetOfficeestimatedinaJanuary16reportthattaxpayerswouldlose$64billionofthefirst$247billioninTARPspending.Whetherthegovernmentshouldnowrevivetheasset-purchasepl

22、anissubjecttodebate.WhartonfinanceprofessorRichardMarstonthinksthedirectinfusionswillrestorebankslendingabilityfasterthanassetpurchaseswould,butthegovernmentshouldinreturndemandabiggerownershipstakethanithas.TheTreasuryshouldfindawaytoinjectcapitalwherethetaxpayerendsupwithlargestakesinthebanks-even

23、iftheyarenotformallynationalized.Thebanksharesaregoingtosoarwithrecovery,andsomeoneisgoingtomakeafortune.Thatshouldbetaxpayersiftheytakeonthecostandriskofproppingupthebanks,Marstonargues.AccordingtoBlume,thereissomuchuncertaintythatitisimpossibletoknowwhichbank-rescueapproachisbest.Cashinfusionscanh

24、elpveryquickly,whiletheassetpurchasestakelonger.Butifdirectinfusionsmeantoxicassetsareleftonthebanksbooks,doubtsaboutthebankslong-termhealthwillremain.Otherinstitutionswouldthenbereluctanttodobusinesswiththem,andinvestorswouldrefusetoprovideprivatecapital,whichultimatelyiskeytothebanksreturntohealth

25、.BuildingaBadBankAlsounderdiscussioninWashingtonisthecreationofabadbanktobuythetoxicassets.Thisgovernment-runbank,partlyownedbythebanksthatsellittheassets,wouldholdthoseassets,sellthemorbundlethemintosecuritiesforsaletoinvestors.Abigquestion:Whatshouldthebadbankpayforthoseassetsiftherearenorecentsal

26、estoshowwhattheyareworth?FDICchairmanSheilaC.Bairhassaidtheassetscouldbepurchasedatfairvalue,whichisapricethebankssetthemselves.Theideaofsettingupabadbankinwhichtotransferbaddebtmaybeagoodidea,Marstonsays.Buthefindsthepricedilemmatroubling,sincepayingfairvaluecouldcausethegovernmenttopaymorethanitwi

27、lleventuallyrecoverbyresellingtheassets.Dowepaymarketpricesforthedebt,inwhichcaseitdoesnothelpthebanks?Dowepayabove-marketpricesandtakesharesofthebanksinexchange?Underyetanotherapproach,modeledonthatusedforCitigroupandBankofAmerica,thegovernmentwouldprovidetaxpayer-backedinsuranceagainstlossesintoxi

28、cassetsthatstayonbanksbooks.Butthat,too,couldleavethepublicshoulderingthebankslosses.WhartonfinanceprofessorFranklinAllenarguesthatthebestapproachwouldbetemporarynationalizationofthosebanksthatgetpublichelp.Thatwouldallowthegovernmenttoinstallitsownmanagers,clearingoutexecutiveswhohavepresidedoverso

29、muchtrouble.ControllingTARPThisinjectionofcapitalwithoutanygovernmentcontrolisjustnotworking,saysAllen,notingthatthebankshadnotresumedlendingafterthefirstTARPinfusion.Thissecond$350billioninTARPmoneyisnotgoingtobeusedwell,anditsgoingtoendupinablackhole.Whatkeepshappeningistheygivemoneyandthenthebank

30、skeepcomingbackformore.Siegel,too,feelsthatTARPsupportshouldhavemorestringsattached,suchasarequirementthatbanksnotcallinloanstoborrowerswhoaresolvent,creditworthyanduptodateontheirpayments.ImnotoptimisticaboutthissecondhalfoftheTARPmoney.Clearly,thefirsthalfdidntseemtohelp.Obamaadministrationofficia

31、lsalsohavesaidtheywanttousepartofthenewroundofTARPfunding-perhapsasmuchas$100billion-tohelphomeownersavoidforeclosures.Advocatessaythisisonlyfair,sincehugesumshavegonetorescuecorporations,andmanyarguethatstemmingforeclosureswillhelpstopthefreefallinhomepriceswhichhasbeenamajorcauseofthebankslosses.H

32、ence,attackingtheforeclosureproblemcouldleadtomorelendingbybanks,givingtheeconomythefuelitneedstostartgrowingagain.Therearevariouswaystousegovernmentmoneytoputadentinforeclosures,fromprovidingdirectassistancetohomeownerstoinsuringlendersagainstfurtherlossesiftheymodifyloanterms.Itisnotyetclearwhatap

33、proachtheObamaadministrationfavors.Norisitagiventhatreducingthenumberofforeclosureswillhavemucheffect.Allenbelievestheeconomicproblemsarenowsowidespreadthatshoringupthehousingsectorwouldnothelpturnthingsaroundthewayitsadvocateshope,sothatpublicspendingonforeclosuresmightbewasted.Ithinkthecrisishasmo

34、vedonfromrealestate,hesays.AllenandSiegelnotethatsomebanksalreadyhaveexpandedprogramstorenegotiateloantermstohelpborrowersstayintheirhomes.Acceptingreducedpaymentscanbelesscostlyforthelendersthanforeclosure,especiallyiftherearenobuyersforforeclosedproperties.J.P.Morgan,forexample,recentlyannouncedav

35、astlyexpandedplantomodifyloansonitsbooksaswellasthoseamongmorethan$1trillioninloanssoldtoinvestors.TooManyHomesIthinkforeclosuresareaveryimportantproblem,butIthinkitsbeingworkedoutbytheprivatesector,Siegelsays.Therootproblem,accordingtoSiegel:Therearetoomanyhomesandtoomanywereboughtatinflatedprices.

36、Thepriceofhomeshastofall.Theresnowaytostopthatfromhappening.Blume,too,doubtsthegovernmentcaneffectivelystopthewaveofforeclosures.Withtheeconomyworseningandunemploymentrising,fewerandfewerpeoplecanaffordthehomestheyhave,andmanypotentialbuyersluredbybargainpricescantfindbankstogivethemmortgages.Ihaven

37、otyetseenaplantohelpreduceforeclosuresthatgetsto.theproblem.thatpeopleboughthousestheycouldnotafford.Ifyoureducetheinterestratealittlebit,theystillcantaffordthem.Heconcludesthattheremaybenoalternativebuttoletthehousingmarketadjustonitsown.Ultimately,allthesehouseswillbeoffthemarket,Blumesays.Somebod

38、ywillbuythemandthenthemarketwillstabilize.Buttheresnotelling,headds,howlongthatwilltake,orhowfarhomepriceswillhavetofall.theWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania中国人最易犯错的30句英语句英语注意，下面每组的第一句的句子是错误的或者是不为NativeSpeaker采用的讲法1.IverylikeitIlikeitverymuch.2.这个价格对我挺适宜的。Thepriceisverysuitableforme.Thepric

39、eisright.：suitable(适宜的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否认的形式出如今告示或通知上，如：下列节目儿童不宜。Thefollowingprogrammerisnotsuitableforchildren在这组句子中用后面的讲法会更适宜。3.你是做什么工作的呢？Whatsyourjob?Areyouworkingatthemoment?：whatsyourjob这种讲法难道也有缺点吗？是的。由于假如您的谈话对象刚刚失业，如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子，所以您要问：目前您是在上班吗？Areyouworkingatthemoment?接下来您才问：目前您在哪儿工作呢？英语小贴士Where

40、areyouworkingthesedays?或者您从事哪个行业呢？Whatlineofworkareyouin?顺带讲一下，回答这类问题时不妨讲得详细一点，不要只是讲经理或者秘书4.用英语怎么讲？Howtosay?HowdoyousaythisinEnglish?：Howtosay是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国式英语之一，这决不是地道的英语讲法。同样的句子有：请问这个词怎样拼写？Howdoyouspellthatplease?请问这个单词怎么读？Howdoyoupronouncethisword?5.明天我有事情要做。Ihavesomethingtodotomorrow?SorrybutIamt

41、iedupalldaytomorrow.用Ihavesomethingtodo来表示您很忙，这也完全是中国式的讲法。由于每时每刻我们都有事情要做，躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您能够讲我很忙，脱不开身：Imtiedup.还有其他的讲法：ImafraidIcantmakeitatthattime.Idloveto,butIcant,Ihavetostayathome.6.我没有英文名。IhaventEnglishname.IdonthaveanEnglishname.：很多人讲英语犯这样的错误，从语法角度来分析，可能是语法功底欠缺，由于have在这里是实义动词，而并不是在如今完成时里面那个没有意义

42、的助动词。所以，这句话由肯定句变成否认句要加助动词。明白道理是一回事，习惯是另一回事，请您再讲几话：我没有钱；Idonthaveanymoney.我没有兄弟姐妹；Idonthaveanybrothersorsisters.我没有车。Idonthaveacar.7.我想我不行。IthinkIcant.IdontthinkIcan.：这一组然是个习惯问题，在语法上称为否认前置，这就是汉语里面讲“我想我不会的时候，英语里面总是讲“我不以为我会。以后您在讲类似的英语句子的时候，只要您留心，也会习惯英语的讲法的，8.我的舞也跳得不好。Idontdancewelltoo.Iamnotaverygoodda

43、ncereither.：当我们讲不擅于做什么事情的时候，英语里面通常用notgoodatsomething，英语的思维甚至直接踊跃到：我不是一个好的舞者。9.如今几点钟了？Whattimeisitnow?Whattimeisit,please?：Whattimeisitnow这是一个直接从汉语翻译过的句子，讲英语的时候没有必要讲now,由于您不可能问whattimewasityesterday,或者whattimeisittomorrow?所以符合英语习惯的讲法是：请问现在几点了？还有一种讲法是：Howarewedoingfortime?这句话在有时间限制的时候十分适宜10.我的英语很糟糕。M

44、yEnglishispoor.Iamnot100%fluent,butatleastIamimproving.：有人开玩笑讲，全中国人最擅于的一句英文是：MyEnglishispoor.实话讲，我从来没有碰到一个美国人对我讲：MyChineseispoor.无论他们的汉语是好是坏，他们会讲:Iamstillhavingafewproblem,butIgettingbetter.当您告诉外国人，您的英语很poor，sowhat(那又怎么样呢)，是要让别人当场施舍给我们一些英语呢，还是讲我的英语不好，咱们不谈了吧。另外一个更大的弊端是，一边不停的学英语，一边不停地讲本人的英语很poor,这正像有个

45、人一边给车胎充气，又一边在车胎上扎孔放气。我坚信，先不谈别的，假如您如今就苦下功夫，把这本薄薄的（英语）吃通吃透，您的英语水平立即就会迅速的提高。所以您再也不用讲：我的英语很poor.您能够实事求事地讲，我的英语还不算特别流利，但至少我在进步。11.你愿意参加我们的晚会吗？WouldyouliketojoinourpartyonFriday?WouldyouliketocometoourpartyonFridaynight?：join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会，如：joinahealthclub;jointheCommunistParty.事实上，经常与party搭配的动词的come或者go。

46、如goawildparty，或者cometoaChristmasParty。12.我没有经历。Ihavenoexperience.IamafraidIdontknowmuchaboutthat.：Ihavenoexperience这句话听起来古里乖僻，由于您只需要讲：那方面我懂得不多，或者这方面我不在行，就行了。Iamnotreallyanexpertinthisarea.13.我没有男朋友。Ihavenoboyfriend.Idonthaveaboyfriend.14.他的身体很健康。Hisbodyishealthy.Heisingoodhealth.Youcanalsosay:Heshealthy.15.价钱很昂贵/便宜。Thepriceistooexpensive/che