施工放样作业指导书_secret.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流施工放样作业指导书_secret.精品文档.湘潭站改扩建工程项目部作业指导书测量作业二零零九年十一月十五日（一）施工测量放样工艺流程图 读审设计图纸和技术文件放样数据准备计算程序准备 检核放样通知单施工控制资料有问题有问题 检核检校仪器测站点测量有问题题材测放建筑物轮廓点线检核有问题绘制交样单 交样资料归档 （二）施工测量放样作业方法及要求一、说明本指导书是根据常规放样方法编写的，放样人员必须根据实际情况，如精度要求、控制点分布、现有仪器、现场条件、计算工具等来选择测站点和放样点的测设方法的不同组合及不同的检核方法。各类工程及同一工程的不同阶

2、段、不同部位对放样点的精度要求不同，所以对测站点和放样点的精度要求也不相同。作业时请严格执行工程测量规范、水电水利工程施工测量规范和施工测量控制程序。本书中提到的限差指规范要求的限差，如果设计上有特殊要求，按设计要求执行。二、测量资料收集与放样方案制定1.测量放样前，应从合法、有效途径获取施工区已有的平面和高程控制成果资料。2.根据现场控制点标志是否稳定完好等情况，对已有的控制点资料进行分析，确定是否全部或部分对控制点进行检测。3.已有控制点不能满足精度要求应重新布设控制，已有的控制点密度不能满足放样需要时应根据现有的控制点进行加密。4.必须按正式设计图纸、文件、修改通知进行测量放样，不得凭口

3、头通知和未经批准的图纸放样。5.根据规范规定和设计的精度要求并结合人员及仪器设备情况制定测量放样方案。其内容应包括：控制点的检测与加密、放样依据、放样方法及精度估算、放样程序、人员及设备配置等。三、放样前准备1.阅读设计图纸，校算建筑物轮廓控制点数据和标注尺寸，记录审图结果。2.选定测量放样方法并计算放样数据或编写测量放样计算程序、绘制放样草图并由第二者独立校核。3准备仪器和工具，使用的仪器必须在有效的检定周期内。给仪器充电，检查仪器常规设置：如单位、坐标方式、补偿方式、棱镜类型、棱镜常数、温度、气压等。4使用有内存的全站仪时，可以提前将控制点（包括拟用的测站点、检查点）和放样点的坐标数据输入

4、仪器内存，并检查。四、全站仪坐标法设站极坐标法放点1.在控制点上架设全站仪并对中整平，初始化后检查仪器设置：气温、气压、棱镜常数；输入（调入）测站点的三维坐标，量取并输入仪器高，输入（调入）后视点坐标，照准后视点进行后视。如果后视点上有棱镜，输入棱镜高，可以马上测量后视点的坐标和高程并与已知数据检核。2.瞄准另一控制点，检查方位角或坐标；在另一已知高程点上竖棱镜或尺子检查仪器的视线高。利用仪器自身计算功能进行计算时，记录员也应进行相应的对算以检核输入数据的正确性。3.在各待定测站点上架设脚架和棱镜，量取、记录并输入棱镜高，测量、记录待定点的坐标和高程。以上步骤为测站点的测量。4.在测站点上按步

5、骤1安置全站仪，照准另一立镜测站点检查坐标和高程。5.记录员根据测站点和拟放样点坐标反算出测站点至放样点的距离和方位角。6.观测员转动仪器至第一个放样点的方位角，指挥司镜员移动棱镜至仪器视线方向上，测量平距D。7.计算实测距离D与放样距离D的差值：D=D-D，指挥司镜员在视线上前进或后退D。8.重复过程7，直到D小于放样限差。（非坚硬地面此时可以打桩）9.检查仪器的方位角值，棱镜汽泡严格居中（必要时架设三脚架），再测量一次，若D小于限差要求，则可精确标定点位。10.测量并记录现场放样点的坐标和高程，与理论坐标比较检核。确认无误后在标志旁加注记。11.重复610的过程，放样出该测站上的所有待放样

6、点。12.如果一站不能放样出所有待放样点，可以在另一测站点上设站继续放样，但开始放样前还须检测已放出的23个点位，其差值应不大于放样点的允许偏差。13.全部放样点放样完毕后，随机抽检规定数量的放样点并记录，其差值应不大于放样点的允许偏差值；14.作业结束后，观测员检查记录计算资料并签字。15.测量放样负责人逐一将标注数据与记录结果比对，同时检查点位间的几何尺寸关系及与有关结构边线的相对关系尺寸并记录，以验证标注数据和所放样点位无误。16.填写测量放样交样单。五、全站仪（测距仪）边角交会法设站极坐标法放样1. 在未知点P上架设全站仪(测距仪)，整平；在已知点A上安置棱镜，量测棱镜高；在已知点B、

7、C上安置照准标志。2. 测量PA间平距D、高差DH和PA至PB、PC方向间的水平角,。3.用D、及A、B点的坐标计算P点的一组坐标；用D、及A、C点的坐标计算P点的另一组坐标；两组坐标的差值不超过规定限差，取中数即为P点的最后坐标。4.根据A点的高程HA和高差DH计算仪器的视线高：H视=HA-DH。5.如果需要可以将P点坐标投影到地面上，并作好标记。量取仪器高，求出地面P点的高程。6.用极坐标法开始放样，放样过程与“四416”步骤相同。六、经纬仪测角后方交会法极坐标法放样1.在未知点上安置经纬仪（或全站仪，当已知点上不便安置棱镜时），整平；在已知点A、B、C、D上安置照准标志。2.以四点中较远

8、点A为零方向，用方向观测法测量A、B、C、D、A方向值两个测回；3.分两组数据用后方交会程序分别计算测站点P的坐标；两组坐标的差值不超过规定的限差，取中数作为P点最后坐标。4.如果测站周围200米以内有两个已知高程的平面控制点，且放样点高程精度要求不高（大于5厘米），可以观测仪器到两控制点的天顶距两个测回，分别用三角高程反算测站仪器的两个视线高（如果精度要求高或距离大于200米时，则要加入球气差改正）。如果差值不超过限差，可取中数作为仪器的视线高。5.如果需要，可以将仪器中心点坐标或高程投影到地面上，作好标记。6.用极坐标法开始放样，选择一较远的控制点作为后视方向配置度盘（配置成零方向或方位角

9、方向），用另一控制点检查后视方向，差值不能超过限差要求。如果放样点的精度要求较高，且检核方向相差超过20时应对设置的方向进行改正。7记录员根据测站点和放样点坐标反算出测站点至放样点的距离和方位角（或相对于后视方向的角度）。8观测员转动经纬仪至第一个放样点的方向上，指挥司尺员用钢尺从测站点沿放样点的方向量取计算好的平距D，并标定下来。9 如果无法直接量取平距，可以用钢尺丈量从仪器中心至放样点的斜距，并测记天顶距（或立角），计算平距D，与理论平距D比较：D=D-D，用钢尺在经纬仪视线方向上量取D，标定放样点。 （非基岩和砼地面此时可以打桩）10重复8、9步骤，放样出该测站的所有欲放样点位。11照准

10、控制点，检查后视方向。12钢尺丈量放样点之间的间距，与理论值进行比较检核，其差值应不大于放样点的允许误差值。13.测量放样负责人逐一将标注数据与记录结果比对，同时检查点位间的几何尺寸关系及与有关结构边线的相对关系尺寸并记录，以验证标注数据和所放样点位无误；14.如果一站不能放样出所有欲放样点，此时需在测站上利用极坐标法测设测站点，第二次设站，开始放样前还须检测已放出的23个点位，其差值应不大于放样点的允许误差；然后继续放样直至放样出所有需要放样的点位。15作业结束后，观测员检查记录计算资料并签字；16.绘制测量放样交样单。七、方向交会法放样 1. 在两个平面控制点A、B上各安置一台经纬仪，盘左

11、后视其它控制点，并对度盘进行坐标方位角配置。2. 计算A、B点至拟放样点P的方位角、。3.旋转经纬仪A使方位角为，观测员指挥画点人员在两视线交点附近画点P1P2。4.旋转经纬仪B使方位角为，观测员指挥画点人员在两视线交点附近画点P3P4。5.用拉紧的细线P1P2与P3P4定出交点M的位置。6两仪器盘右后视控制点并配置度盘，重复35步骤得到交点N。7当M、N点间距离小于放样点限差要求时，以M、N连线中点作为放样点P，并标定下来。8重复上述过程放出其它放样点，丈量放样点之间的距离与计算值比较检核。八、正倒镜投点法单方向设站1为了将仪器架设在已知点A、B间的直线上，用目估法将仪器大致架在A、B直线上

12、的O1点，整平仪器；估计OA近似距离。2正镜瞄准远端A点，纵转望远镜看到近点B附近，估计十字丝中心点B1与B点的距离BB1；倒镜瞄准A点，纵转望远镜，估计十字丝中心与B点距离BB2；计算BB1与BB2的平均值为BB中。3计算OO1=OABB中/AB值，根据B1偏离B方向，将仪器向AB线上移动OO1。4整平仪器，重复23步骤，直到盘左、盘右的十字丝中心位置连线的中点B中与B点重合为止。5正镜、倒镜瞄准B点，纵转望远镜，左、右十字丝中心的平均位置应落在A点上，将此时仪器中心点位O投影到地面上，并作好标记，则O点在AB直线上。6后视A点便可放设单方向线了。还可在此基础上用轴线交会法求出O点的纵向（横

13、向）桩号值，以便放样纵向（横向）轴线。九、轴线交会法设站+方向线法放线1.先用正倒镜投点法（或方向线法）将仪器架设在已知点A、B间的连线上一点O1，整平仪器。2.用方向观测法测量A、C、B、D控制点的水平方向二个测回，计算出角度，；3.分别计算O1点的横向（纵向）坐标:Y01=YC-(XC-XB)/TAN；Y01=YD-（XD-XB）/TAN。若Y01与Y01之差不超过限差，取中数作为O1点纵（横）坐标，并与O点纵（横）坐标比较，计算出差值OO1。4.观测员指挥作业员用钢尺在AB轴线上从O1点量取OO1距离，定出O点位置。5.在O点架仪器，后视A点（或B点），检查B点（或A点）后，旋转90，放

14、出O点所在的纵（横）轴线。十、方向线平移法放线 为了放样某方向线PY，用自由设站法不可能直接将仪器架设在P点上，或者P点上不便于直接架站，此时在尽可能接近P点的P1上架设仪器，用后方交会等自由设站法测量P1点的坐标（如果P1点坐标已知可省此步骤），然后用方向线平移法放样PY方向线。 1在P点上安置仪器，后视控制点A，用控制点B检核方位角。2转动仪器使视线与拟放轴线平行（方位角相同或相差180），指挥作业员在地面标记出平行线上的点P1、P2、P3PN。3分别从P1、P2、P3PN上用小钢尺向PY方向线一侧垂直量取距离dx，得到P1、P2、P3PN，则P1、P2、P3PN即为PY方向线上的点。标注

15、单方向点，并注记桩号。4检查后视方位角，量取所放方向线与建筑物已有的结构线间尺寸进行检核。十一、导线法（极坐标法）设站1在控制点A上安置全站仪（测距仪），在控制点B、C上安置照准标志，在待定点P上安置脚架和棱镜，量取仪器高、棱镜高。2选择B、C中一点作为零方向，另一点作为检查方向，用方向观测法测量至P点水平角两个测回。3测量仪器至P点天顶距（垂直角）两个测回。4测量往测的斜距、平距、高差、温度、气压。5A点和P点的脚架不动，交换仪器和棱镜，测量P点仪器至A点天顶距（垂直角）两个测回，测量返测的斜距、平距、高差、温度、气压。6利用斜距、天顶距、温度、气压、仪器高、棱镜高及仪器的加、乘常数计算平距

16、、高差，用观测平距和高差进行检核。7用A点坐标和测量的方位角、平距中数、高差中数计算P点坐标和高程。8如果要测设的待定点不止一个，则应将几个点组成一条导线，进行往返观测，经过平差计算得到各点坐标和高程。十二、金属结构、机电设备安装测量放样：金属结构、机电设备安装测量的测站点（包括后视点和检查点）必须是专用的安装控制网点、控制轴线点和高程基点。加密安装控制网点、控制轴线点和高程基点，必须采用等级平面控制和等级水准测量方法进行。测站点或控制轴线应在整个安装过程中保持不变。金属结构、机电设备安装测量放样应选用满足精度要求的经纬仪、水准仪、经过检定的钢尺、钢带尺及测针、精密水准尺等。轴线放样时，最好将

17、仪器架设在轴线一端A点上，瞄准轴线另一端B点，直接放样AB轴线上的点。如果需要旋转角度进行放线时，必须盘左、盘右两次放点取平均位置定点。1平面位置极坐标法放样：（1）观测员在测量基准点上架设经纬仪并对中整平。（2）仪器盘左照准一较远的测量基准点，记录员计算后视方位角报给观测员，观测员将仪器度盘读数配至该后视方位角值，并向记录员回报验证所配度盘读数无误。（3）仪器依次照准另外12个相对较近的测量基准点，读取方位角并报给记录员，记录员回报、记录并与计算的方位角值比较，其差值应能满足放样点的精度要求。（4）记录员将待放样点的方位角值报给观测员，观测员将仪器转至待放样点的方位角方向，并向记录员回报以验

18、证无误；（5）如果测站点和放样点在同一平面上，记录员报出测站点至待放样点的距离（考虑了尺长和温度改正后的距离），用钢尺在方向线上水平量取该距离，司尺员回报钢尺读数，记录员计算钢尺量取的距离是否正确。（6）盘右位置重复（2）（5）步骤，取平均方向位置。变动钢尺一端读数，重复量距一次进行检核，确认无误后将此点标定；（7）如果测站点和放样点不在同一平面上，先估计仪器视线与放样点所在平面间的高差，计算仪器至测点的近似斜距，从仪器中心标志沿放样点方向量取斜距，确定测针起始位置P1，测量P1点的天顶距（或垂直角），根据斜距、天顶距、温度及尺长改正数计算出平距D，与拟放样平距D比较，D= D- D。（8）观

19、测员指挥在方向上前进或后退D，标定测针位置P。分别从仪器的左、右标志量取仪器至P点的斜距；盘左、盘右确定水平方向；盘左、盘右测量天顶距，再次计算平距。直到D小于规定的限差为止。（9）依此类推，放样出该测站的所有欲放样点位。（10）用钢尺量取同一平面上的放样点的间距，加上温度、尺长改正，与理论值对照进行内部检核。（11）用钢板尺或钢尺量取放样点与周围已形成的金属结构的点、线之间的距离进行外部检核。2高程放样 （1）选择满足精度要求的水准仪和水准尺（或钢板尺）。（2）在适当位置安置水准仪，整平。 （3）水准仪分别照准二个以上已知高程基准点读数并报给记录员，记录员记录并回报以验证记录无误；（4）记录

20、员计算仪器的视线高程；计算的视线高程之差应满足放样点的精度要求，取其平均值作为该测站仪器的视线高程。（5）在需要的安装部位测定并标注高程点。（6）再次检查基准点测量记录计算数据及标注数据是否正确。十三、开挖开口测量放样1准备（1）阅读设计图纸，校算开挖底口控制点数据及边坡坡比和标注尺寸；记录审图结果并签名。（2）编写开挖开口测量放样计算程序、绘制放样草图并由第二者独立校核验证其正确性。2实施放样（1）利用周围测量控制点测设测站点。（2）观测员在测站点上架设仪器并对中整平，量取仪器高度报给记录员，记录员记录并回报以验证记录无误。（3）仪器照准另一已知高程点读数并报给记录员，记录员记录并回报以验证

21、记录无误。（4）记录员计算仪器的视线高程，计算的两个视线高程之差应满足放样点的精度要求，取其平均值作为该测站仪器的视线高程。（5）仪器照准一较远的测量控制点，计算后视方位角报给观测员，观测员将仪器度盘读数配至该后视方位角值并向记录员回报验证所配度盘读数无误。（6）仪器依次照准另两个相对较近的测量控制点，读取方位角读数报给记录员，记录员回报、记录并与计算的方位角值比较，其差值应能满足放样点的精度要求。利用坐标测量功能时，在测量第一个点的三维坐标的同时测量仪器至该点的方位角、距离和高差，观测员将数据报给记录员，记录员回报、记录并计算该点的三维坐标并与仪器测得的三维坐标校核无误后方可进行放样。（7）

22、观测员将仪器精确照准目标并报测量数据（方位角、距离、高差）或测得的三维坐标，记录员回报并利用编制的程序进行计算。如图所示，首先由测得点A1的坐标计算A点至底口线偏距L，A2点为A1点在设计边坡线AO上的投影，底口高程Ho和边坡坡比1：I为已知值， A2点的设计高程Ha2=Ho+LI,A1点至A2点的高差h=Ha1-Ha2,所以偏距差值L=h/I，指挥司镜员按此差值移动目标，L为正值向远离底口线方向移动，L为负值向底口线方向移动。由移动后点的三维坐标计算L，再次移动棱镜，重复以上步骤，直到L满足边坡开挖的精度要求，此时的点A即为此断面上的开挖开口点。1：I（8）依此类推，放样出该测站上所能放样的

23、所有开挖开口点。（9）随机抽检20%开口点的点位和高程，其差值应不大于开口点所要求的允许偏差值；（10）作业结束后，观测员检查记录计算资料并签字，绘制测量放样交样单。（英文版 ） easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect. Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the and , lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority o

24、f the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline in the daily supervision and management, strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthe

25、n to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the and is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith

26、 needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its supervision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and

27、rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengthen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with and . To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined

28、, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead in practicing three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the as morality, politics and brought to fruition;

29、to implement , do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the l

30、ine has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, some bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned

31、 out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the strug

32、gle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctori

33、ly, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the

34、struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give up this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to

35、 live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. Some things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Dont always take everything back to things, and dont get into a

36、 blind alley, dont want to face, dont be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, Im afraid he

37、turned to it as a joke to tell dont 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. W

38、hen you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the fate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no o

39、ne can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8, each people have youth,Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want an

40、ything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, important thing is often the most difficult to open ones mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good t

41、hings, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also dont envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a person is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life

42、 not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or their own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, maam, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, lea

43、rn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13, dont envy him A sum of, dont lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, whi

44、le the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also cant let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy t

45、o love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control their own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expen

46、sive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind of wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire,

47、no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent how othe