基于MATLAB的模糊控制器的设计及其实现(共49页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上无锡职业技术学院系别(部、分院)机电学院自控系 班 级 计算机控制20931 姓 名 李浩 学 号 课 题 名 称 基于MATLAB的模糊控制器的设计及其实现 指 导 教 师 朱必刚 职 称 讲师指 导 教 师 职 称 2012 年 4 月 8 日专心-专注-专业目 录1.毕业实践任务书-02.外文翻译-13.毕业实践调研报告-84.毕业设计说明-105.毕业实践总结-436.参考文献-44无锡职业技术学院毕业实践任务书课题名称 基于MATLAB的模糊控制器设计指导教师 朱必刚职 称 讲师 指导教师 职 称 专业名称电气自动化 班 级计算机控制20931学生姓名 李浩

2、 学 号 课题需要完成的任务:课题基于MATLAB进行设计,要求给出simulink仿真结果。主要设计要求如下:(1)控制对象:二阶系统;(2)系统超调小于10%;(3)稳态误差小于3%;(4)设计相应simulink模块并仿真。课题计划:2.13-2.19 熟悉课题背景知识,查阅参考资料; 2.20-3.4 选择设计方案; 3.5 -3.25 应用MATLAB设计相应的simulink模块; 3.26-4.1 进行仿真并调试;4.2 -4.8 编写毕业设计论文;准备毕业答辩。计划答辩时间:2012 年 4 月 9日-13日 机电技术学院自控 系(部、分院) 2012 年 02 月 12 日原

3、文:A proportionalintegralderivative controller (PID controller) is a generic .control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired setpoint by calculating and then outputting a corre

4、ctive action that can adjust the process accordingly.The PID controller calculation (algorithm) involves three separate parameters; the Proportional, the Integral and Derivative values. The Proportional value determines the reaction to the current error, the Integral determines the reaction based on

5、 the sum of recent errors and the Derivative determines the reaction to the rate at which the error has been changing. The weightedsum of these three actions is used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve or the power supply of a heating element.By tuning

6、 the three constants in the PID controller algorithm the PID can provide control action designed for specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be described in terms of the responsiveness of the controller to an error, the degree to which the controller overshoots the setpoint

7、 and the degree of system oscillation. Note that the use of the PID algorithm for control does not guarantee optimal control of the system or system stability.Some applications may require using only one or two modes to provide the appropriate system control. This is achieved by setting the gain of

8、undesired control outputs to zero. A PID controller will be called a PI, PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are particularly common, since derivative action is very sensitive to measurement noise, and the absence of an integral value may prevent th

9、e system from reaching its target value due to the control action.Note: Due to the diversity of the field of control theory and application, many naming conventions for the relevant variables are in common use.1.Control loop basicsA familiar example of a control loop is the action taken to keep ones

10、 shower water at the ideal temperature, which typically involves the mixing of two process streams, cold and hot water. The person feels the water to estimate its temperature. Based on this measurement they perform a control action: use the cold water tap to adjust the process. The person would repe

11、at this input-output control loop, adjusting the hot water flow until the process temperature stabilized at the desired value.Feeling the water temperature is taking a measurement of the process value or process variable (PV). The desired temperature is called the setpoint (SP). The output from the

12、controller and input to the process (the tap position) is called the manipulated variable (MV). The difference between the measurement and the setpoint is the error (e), too hot or too cold and by how much.As a controller, one decides roughly how much to change the tap position (MV) after one determ

13、ines the temperature (PV), and therefore the error. This first estimate is the equivalent of the proportional action of a PID controller. The integral action of a PID controller can be thought of as gradually adjusting the temperature when it is almost right. Derivative action can be thought of as n

14、oticing the water temperature is getting hotter or colder, and how fast, and taking that into account when deciding how to adjust the tap.Making a change that is too large when the error is small is equivalent to a high gain controller and will lead to overshoot. If the controller were to repeatedly

15、 make changes that were too large and repeatedly overshoot the target, this control loop would be termed unstable and the output would oscillate around the setpoint in either a constant, growing, or decaying sinusoid. A human would not do this because we are adaptive controllers, learning from the p

16、rocess history, but PID controllers do not have the ability to learn and must be set up correctly. Selecting the correct gains for effective control is known as tuning the controller.If a controller starts from a stable state at zero error (PV = SP), then further changes by the controller will be in

17、 response to changes in other measured or unmeasured inputs to the process that impact on the process, and hence on the PV. Variables that impact on the process other than the MV are known as disturbances and generally controllers are used to reject disturbances and/or implement setpoint changes. Ch

18、anges in feed water temperature constitute a disturbance to the shower process.In theory, a controller can be used to control any process which has a measurable output (PV), a known ideal value for that output (SP) and an input to the process (MV) that will affect the relevant PV. Controllers are us

19、ed in industry to regulate temperature, pressure, flow rate, chemical composition, speed and practically every other variable for which a measurement exists. Automobile cruise control is an example of a process which utilizes automated control.Due to their long history, simplicity, well grounded the

20、ory and simple setup and maintenance requirements, PID controllers are the controllers of choice for many of these applications.While PID controllers are applicable to many control problems, they can perform poorly in some applications.PID controllers, when used alone, can give poor performance when

21、 the PID loop gains must be reduced so that the control system does not overshoot, oscillate or hunt about the control setpoint value. The control system performance can be improved by combining the feedback (or closed-loop) control of a PID controller with feed-forward (or open-loop) control. Knowl

22、edge about the system (such as the desired acceleration and inertia) can be fed forward and combined with the PID output to improve the overall system performance. The feed-forward value alone can often provide the major portion of the controller output. The PID controller can then be used primarily

23、 to respond to whatever difference or error remains between the setpoint (SP) and the actual value of the process variable (PV). Since the feed-forward output is not affected by the process feedback, it can never cause the control system to oscillate, thus improving the system response and stability

24、.For example, in most motion control systems, in order to accelerate a mechanical load under control, more force or torque is required from the prime mover, motor, or actuator. If a velocity loop PID controller is being used to control the speed of the load and command the force or torque being appl

25、ied by the prime mover, then it is beneficial to take the instantaneous acceleration desired for the load, scale that value appropriately and add it to the output of the PID velocity loop controller. This means that whenever the load is being accelerated or decelerated, a proportional amount of forc

26、e is commanded from the prime mover regardless of the feedback value. The PID loop in this situation uses the feedback information to effect any increase or decrease of the combined output in order to reduce the remaining difference between the process setpoint and the feedback value. Working togeth

27、er, the combined open-loop feed-forward controller and closed-loop PID controller can provide a more responsive, stable and reliable control system.Another problem faced with PID controllers is that they are linear. Thus, performance of PID controllers in non-linear systems (such as HVAC systems) is

28、 variable. Along with the development of Fuzzy Mathematics, control engineers gradually pay much attention to the idea of Fuzzy Control, thus promoting the invention of fuzzy controllers. However, simple fuzzy controller has its own defect, where control effect is quite coarse and the control precis

29、ion can not reach the expected level. Therefore, the Fuzzy Adaptive PID Controller is created by taking advantage of the superiority of PID Controller and Fuzzy Controller. Taken this controller in use, the corresponding error and its differential error of the control system can be feed backed to th

30、e Fuzzy Logic Controller. Moreover, the three parameters of PID Controller is determined online through fuzzification, fuzzy reasoning and defuzzification of the fuzzy system to maintain better working condition than the traditional PID controller. Meanwhile,the design method and general steps are i

31、ntroduced of the Parameter self-setting Fuzzy PID Controller. Eventually, the Fuzzy Inference Systems Toolbox and SIMULINK toolbox are used to simulate Control System. The results of the simulation show that Self-organizing Fuzzy Control System can get a better effect than the Classical PID controll

32、ed evidently.Keywords: Classic PID control; Fuzzy Control; Parameters tuning; the Fuzzy Adaptive PID Controller; MATLAB simulation译文:比例积分微分控制器(PID调节器)是一个控制环,广泛地应用于工业控制系统里的反馈机制。PID控制器通过调节给定值与测量值之间的偏差,给出正确的调整,从而有规律地纠正控制过程。PID控制器算法涉及到三个部分:比例,积分,微分。比例控制是对当前偏差的反应,积分控制是基于新近错误总数的反应,而微分控制则是基于错误变化率的反应。这三种控制的

33、结合可用来调节过程系统,例如调节阀的位置,或者加热系统的电源调节。根据具体的工艺要求,通过PID控制器的参数整定,从而提供调节作用。控制器的响应可以被认为是对系统偏差的响应。注意一点的是,PID算法不一定就是系统或系统稳定性的最佳控制。一些应用可能只需要运用一到两种方法来提供适当的系统控制。这是通过把不想要的控制输出置零取得。在控制系统中存在P,PI,PD,PID调节器。PI调节器很普遍,因为微分控制对测量噪音非常敏感。积分作用的缺乏可以防止系统根据控制目标而达到它的目标值。注释:由于控制理论和应用领域的差异,很多相关变量的命名约定是常用的。控制环基础 一个关于控制环类似的例子就是保持水在理想

34、温度,涉及到两个过程,冷、热水的混合。人可以凭触觉估测水的温度。基于此他们设计一个控制行为:用冷水龙头调整过程。重复这个过程,调节热水流直到温度处于期望的稳定值。感觉水温就是对过程值或变量的测量。期望得到的温度称为给定值。控制器的输出对象和过程的输入对象称为控制参数。测量值与给定值之间的差就是偏差值,太高、太低或正常。作为一个控制器,在确定温度给定值后,就可以粗略决定改变阀门位置多少,以及怎样改变偏差值。首次估计即是PID控制器的比例度的确定。当它几乎正确时,PID控制器的积分作用就是起着逐渐调整温度的作用。微分作用就是根据水温变得更热、更冷,以及变化速率来决定什么时候、怎样调整那些阀门。当偏

35、差小时而做了一个大变动,相当于一个大的调整控制器,会导致超调。如果控制器反复进行大的变动并且反复越过给定值的改变,控制环将会不稳定。输出值将在期望值或一常量周围摆动,甚至破坏系统稳定性。人不会这样做,因为我们是有智慧的控制人员,可以从历史经验中学习,但PID控制器没有学习能力,必须正确的设定。为有效的控制系统选择正确的参数被称为整定控制器。如果控制器在零偏差从稳定开始,然后进一步的变化将导致其它一些影响过程的能测量、不能测量值的变化,并且作用于偏差值上。除主过程以外,其他的对扰动有影响的过程可以用来抑制扰动或实现对目标值的改变。供给水温的变化就构成了对过程的一个扰动。理论上,控制器能用来控制可

36、测量对象,以及可以影响偏差的输出、输入标准值的所有过程参数。控制器在工业中被用来调节温度,压力,流速,化学组成,速度以及其它任何存在可测量的对象。汽车游览控制就是一个自动化的过程控制的例子。由于它们悠久的历史,简易,良好的理论基础以及简单的设置、维护要求,PID控制器被许多应用实践所采纳。当PID控制器适用于很多控制问题时,它在一些应用过程中不好使用。当单独使用并且必须降低PID环路增益时,PID控制器会给出劣质的控制性能。因此,控制系统不超调。在给定值附近摆动。控制系统可以通过结合PID控制器与前馈控制来进行改进。关于系统的知识,可以用前馈和PID输出来改进总的系统性能。单独的前馈控制经常能

37、提供主要控制器输出值的部分。PID控制器还能对在SP和PV的实际值之间的偏差作出反应。因为前馈生产没被过程反馈影响,它永远不能引起控制系统摆动,且有助于改进系统的稳定性。例如,在大多数运动控制系统中,为了在控制一机械负荷,需要更多的来自电动机、发动机或作动器的力量或者力矩。如果一速度PID控制器被用来控制负荷的速度,并驱动被原动力使用的力或者力矩,它有利于赋予负荷所需的加速度,恰当估价并且给PID速度环控制器的输出添加给定值。这表明每当负荷被加速或者被降速时,成比例的力量从那些原动力产生而不受反馈值影响任何导致输出增加或减少的因素,为了降低给定值与反馈值的差值。同时工作时,结合的开环前馈控制器

38、和封闭环PID控制器能提供一个更敏感、可靠的控制系统。面临PID 控制器的另一个问题是他们是在线的。 因此,在非线性系统(象空调系统那样)内的PID 控制器的工作是易变的。随着模糊数学的发展,模糊控制的思想逐渐得到控制工程师们的重视,各种模糊控制器也应运而生。而单纯的模糊控制器有其自身的缺陷控制效果很粗糙、控制精度无法达到预期标准。但利用传统的PID控制器和模糊控制器结合形成的模糊自适应的PID控制器可以弥补其缺陷;它将系统对应的误差和误差变化率反馈给模糊控制器进而确定相关参数,保证系统工作在最佳状态,实现优良的控制效果。论文介绍了参数自适应模糊PID控制器的设计方法和步骤。并利用MATLAB

39、 中的SIMULINK 和模糊逻辑推理系统工具箱进行了控制系统的仿真研究,并简要地分析了对应的仿真数据。关键词: 经典PID控制; 模糊控制; 自适应模糊PID控制器; 参数整定; MATLAB仿真调研报告 模糊控制是根据对控制对象的粗略知识以及人们的生产技能等知识,导出自然语言的控制规则,利用模糊理论进行控制的一种控制方法。模糊逻辑和模糊控制的研究与应用发展是很迅速的,研究成果主要集中在日本、美国、德国等欧洲国家。 我国在模糊理论和应用方面的研究起步较晚,但发展很快1981年成立了中国模糊系统和模糊数学学会.并创办了世界卜第二种模糊专业学术杂志模糊数学。随着模糊理论及其技术的发展,该刊在19

40、87年改名为模糊系统与数学。目前我国已成为模糊数学研究的四大力量之一(美国、西欧、日本及中国),也是世界_L模糊控制技术研究的领先者之一:在模糊数学理论方面的研究成果已引起国际模糊界的特别关注和重视,模糊技术的应用研究也在稳步地发展。1979年、李宝缓、刘志俊等人用连续数字仿真方法研究了典型模糊控制器的性能;1988年3月由北京师范大学汪培庄教授及其博上生张洪敏等研制成功的“模糊推理机分离元件样机”成功地实现了控制倒摆实验;1984年李太航和沈祖良推出了语义推理的自学习算法;1987年,张洪敏和张志明研制成功我国第一台模糊推理机;1993年汪培庄的博士生刘增良先后参加国家自然科学基金重大项f“

41、模糊信息处理与机器智能”等,并提出“因素神经网络理沦( FNN)_,在此基础上开发完成的“模糊控制i卜算机系统”和“基于FNN的学习型模糊推理控制机”等一系列成果都达到了世界先进水平。玻璃拉管线模糊控制器、电冰箱模糊控制器、可编程模糊控制器f3FFC-898系列产品、水泥厂矿石破碎机的模糊控制系统都已形成产品并投人运行,近年来,我国也推出厂电烤箱、电烤柜模糊控制器、模糊控制燃气快速热水器、模糊控制自动恒温器、灯光恒照度模糊控制器、模糊全白动洗衣机和模糊电饭锅等产品,标志着我国模糊技术的应用研究也有了长足的进步。毫无疑同,十几年来,我国在模糊逻辑控制的研究和应用开发上已达到了一定的规模,形成了高

42、新技术领域的研究热点技术。 目前,模糊控制技术日趋成熟和完善。各种模糊产品充满西方国家的市场,如模糊洗衣机、模糊吸尘器和模糊摄像机等等,模糊技术几乎变得无所不能,各国都争先开发模糊新技术和新产品。多年来一直未解决的稳定性分析问题正在逐步解决。模糊芯片也已研制成功且功能不断加强,成本不断下降。直接采用模糊芯片开发产品己成为趋势。模糊开发软件包也充满市场。模糊控制技术除了在硬件、软件上继续发展外,将在自适应模糊控制、混合模糊控制以及神经模糊控制上取得较大发展。随着其它学科新理论、新技术的建立和发展,模糊理论的应用更加广泛。 模糊控制作为一项正在发展的新技术,目前在大多数专家还把主要精力放在应用系统

43、研究上,并取得了相当的成果,但在理论研究和系统分析上还是相对落后的,以至于一些学者质疑其理论依据和有效性。鉴于此可以明确得知:模糊控制理论和实践的结合仍有待于进一步探索。在近四十年的发展进程中,模糊控制也有一些局限性: 精度不太高;(2)自适应能力有限;(3)易产生振荡现象。 模糊控制理论是控制理论领域中很有发展前途的一个分支,鉴于它所具有的一系列传统控制无法比拟的优点、国外专家预言,这将是下一代工厂自动化的基础,并称之为21世纪的技术。工厂自动化设备的主要生产厂家美国奥姆伦电子公司的副总经理弗兰克纽伯恩说:“就工厂而言,模糊逻辑可以帮助那些用常规技术无法实现白动化的任务实现自动化,而且使机器

44、和操作人员之间形成一种新型伙伴关系。” 迄今为止,模糊控制技术已对我国的工业、信息产业、交通等众多领域产生了重要影响,特别是模糊家电产品的出现更是普及了大众对模糊控制技术的认识。但应该指出:目前模糊控制技术尚处于发展的初步阶段,还存在大量有待解决的问题:.至今它还没有完善的系统分析手段,而民决定模糊控制系统品质优劣的因素模糊控制规则的获取以及输人模糊变量论域和隶属函数的确定还都是实验分析和操作人员经验的汇总,受人为主观因素影响较大。当然,模糊控制无论在理论上和实用上都是一门“年轻”的科学。正处于不断发展和完善的进程之中。不像经典控制理论和现代控制理论皆已形成了较完善的理论体系。同时,也许也正因为它的不完善和正在发展,显示了它有很大的发展潜力和前途。目 录第一章 绪论-101.1 课题研究的背景及学术意义-101.2 经典PID控制系统的分类与简介-101.3 模糊逻辑与模糊控制的概念-121.4 模糊控制技术的应用概况-131.5 本文的研究目的和内容-14第二章 PID控制-152.1 PID的算法和参数-152.2 PID参数对系统控制性能的影响-182.3 PID控制器的选择与PID参数整定-19第三章 模糊控制器及其设计-203.1 模糊控制器的基本结构与工作原理-203.2 模糊控制器各部分组成-203.3模糊推理方式-

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