2014考研英语一真题【文字完整版】 .docx

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1、2014考研英语一真题【文字完整版】 Directions: Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points) Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycantremember_1_weputthekeysjustamomenta

2、go,oranoldacquaintancesname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain_2_,werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments._3_seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)_4_impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal_5_. Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglysh

3、owingthattheresactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It_6_outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental_7_cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive_8_.Thinkingisessentiallya_9_ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto_10_inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceis

4、inherited._11_,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate_12_mentaleffort. Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep_13_anddevelopedthefirstbraintrainingprogramdesignedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental_14_. TheW

5、eb-basedprogram_15_youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps_16_ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback_17_yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it_18_modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto_19_onthestrengthsyouaredevelopingmuchlikea(n)_20_exerciseroutinerequiresy

6、outoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse. 1.Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhy 2. Aimproves Bfades Crecovers Dcollapses 3. AIf BUnless COnce DWhile 4. Auneven Blimited Cdamaging Dobscure 5. Awellbeing&nbs

7、p;BenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook 6. Aturns Bfinds Cpoints Dfigures 7. Aroundabouts Bresponses Cworkouts Dassociations 8. Agenre Bfunctions CcircumstancesDcriterion 9. Achannel Bcondition Csequence Dproc

8、ess 10. Apersist Bbelieve Cexcel Dfeature 11. ATherefore BMoreover COtherwise DHowever 12. AaccordingtoBregardlessofCapartfrom Dinsteadof 13. Aback Bfurther Caside Daround 14. Asharpness Bstabili

9、ty Cframework Dflexibility 15. Aforces Breminds Churries Dallows 16. Ahold Btrack Corder Dpace 17. Ato Bwith Cfor Don 18. Airregularly Bhabitually Cconstantly Dunusually 19. Acarry

10、 Bput Cbuild Dtake 20. Arisky Beffective Cidle DfamiliarSectionReadingComprehension PartA Directions: Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points) Text1 Inordert

11、ochangelivesforthebetterandreducedependencyGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedtheupfrontworksearchscheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcould

12、bemorereasonable? Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseekersallowance.Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon.heclaimed.Weredoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.Help?Really?

13、Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewithreformstoanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealforfundamentalfairnessprotectingthetaxpay

14、er,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits. Losingajobishurting:youdontskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsuppor

15、tisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunempl

16、oyedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob. ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependencypermanentdependencyifyoucangetitsupportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.Theprincipleof

17、Britishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrasejobseekersallowanceinventedin1996isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasajobseekerwhohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsuranceco

18、ntributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limitedallowance,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU. 21.GeorgeOsbornesschemewasintendedto Aprovidetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits. Bencouragejobseekersactiveengagem

19、entinjobseeking. Cmotivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily. Dguaranteejobseekerslegitimaterighttobenefits. 22.Thephrase,tosignon(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans Atocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre. Btoacceptthegovernmentsrestrictionsontheallowance. Ctoregisterf

20、oranallowancefromthegovernment. Dtoattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram. 23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme? AAdesiretosecureabetterlifeforall. BAneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed. CAnurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants. DApassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.&nb

21、sp;24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel Auneasy Benraged. Cinsulted. Dguilty. 25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree? ATheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekerslaziness. BOsbornesreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment. CThejobs

22、eekersallowancehasmettheiractualneeds. DUnemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.Text2 Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofessionwiththepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica. Dur

23、ingthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemaco

24、stlynightmare. Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthe

25、barexam.Thisleavestodaysaveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhavetoworkfearsomelyhard. Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalong

26、time,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowe

27、dto doso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird. Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressurefo

28、rchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically. Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirm

29、stousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirmsefficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow. 26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto Athegrowingdemandfromclients. Btheincre

30、asingpressureofinflation. Ctheprospectofworkinginbigfirms. Dtheattractionoffinancialrewards. 27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates? AHighertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies. BAdmissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation. CPursuingabachelor

31、sdegreeinanothermajor. DReceivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations. 28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom Alawyersandclientsstrongresistance. Btherigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession. Cthestemexamforwould-belawyers. Dnon-professionalssharpcriticism. 2

32、9.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsideredrestrictivepartlybecauseit Abansoutsidersinvolvementintheprofession. Bkeepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares. Caggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade. Dpreventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits. 30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses&n

33、bsp;AflawedownershipofAmericaslawfirmsanditscauses. BthefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinAmerica. CaprobleminAmericaslegalprofessionandsolutionstoit. DtheroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmericaslegaleducation.Text3 TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexper

34、iment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyearsawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccounts

35、ofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience. Whatsnottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepr

36、eneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-led research.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethe

37、mythofthelonegenius. Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch. AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizesbothnewandoldaredistributed.TheBr

38、eakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundationslimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchaswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhe

39、nitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy. Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearchers

40、wouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanismthatisthecultureofresearch,afterallbutitistheprize-giversmoneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.&n

41、bsp;31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas Aasymboloftheentrepreneurswealth. BapossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes. Canexampleofbankersinvestments. Dahandsomerewardforresearchers. 32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit Atheprofit-orientedscientists. Bthef

42、oundersofthenewawards. Ctheachievement-basedsystem. Dpeer-review-ledresearch. 33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves Acontroversiesovertherecipientsstatus. Bthejointeffortofmodernresearchers. Clegitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes. Dthedemonstration

43、ofresearchfindings. 34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels? ATheirendurancehasdonejusticetothem. BTheirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute. CTheyarethemostrepresentativehonor. DHistoryhasnevercastdoubtonthem. 35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare&nbs

44、p;Aacceptabledespitethecriticism. Bharmfultothecultureofresearch. Csubjecttoundesirablechanges. Dunworthyofpublicattention.Text4TheHeartoftheMatter,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciences

45、totheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereportsfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood. In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenbyfederal,

46、stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandotherstomaintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommissions51membersaretop-tier-univer

47、sitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism. Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudentsabilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffec