大学英语四级写作专题讲解-PPT课件.ppt

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1、12菜3概4四四级级写写作作二：二：体体裁裁多多样，样，难难度度较较大大 难难点点三：三：老老题题新新出，出，千千变变万万化化5学学生生写写作作6学学生生写写作作小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。 第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。 第四、缺乏应试技巧。7四级写作少犯错误。三、中心突出，层次分明。四、固定经典，名言注目。五、重在变化，宁简勿滥。8四级作文解析910文章的11一、1/212二、文章的2/213写作的三论模式，即： 开头段(introduction) 主体段(body paragraph) 结尾段(conclusion)14(一)方法 开头段的常用核心句型15开头说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。

2、然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。16常用的开头17常用的开头一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a prof

3、ound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。18常用的开头s or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more

4、 and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。19常用

5、的开头争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more

6、 than material things.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。20常用的开头vant examples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classm

7、ates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has be e a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。21常用的开头n）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and no

8、w it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。22常用的开头ence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the inc

9、reasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。23开头段的常y accepted v

10、iews, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that .Although it is monly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that .There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that .In all the discussion and debate

11、 over , one important fact is generally overlooked.24开头段的常first thought）, it （this）may seem a sound （an attractive）suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument b

12、ears much analysis25开头段的常em / fact / truth / point）is that.I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that.26开头段的常t years / In the past few years

13、 / For many years now）, there is （hasbeen）a（n）general （widespread / growing / widely held）feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）.As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that .Now it is monly （widely / generally

14、 / increasingly）believed （thought / held /accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged）that . But I wonder （doubt）whether 27(二)28主体而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。29主体段段例例法法（Exemplification） 三、三、分分类类法法（Classification） 四、四、比比较较对对照照法法（parison and Contrast

15、） 五、五、因因果果法法（Cause and Effect）30列列举举法法（Li出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。31列列举举法法r textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read

16、 for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are uncle

17、ar to you.32常用于列举法rd, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least. 3

18、3举举例例法法（Exempl明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。34举举例例法法ent forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy petitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or

19、 take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.35举例法中常见nstance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ su

20、ch, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc. 36分分类类法法（Classi37分分类类法法e earth, they have made use of various forms of munication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech, w

21、hen there is a language barrier, munication is ac plished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be

22、 used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of language can be found in signal flags, Morse code an

23、d picture signs. 38常见的用以39比比较较对对照照法法（parison 义义者往往一起用以阐述两者或者更多事物间的异同，常用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述的是所比对象的相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间的不同，甚至相反之处。 常用的比较对照的结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。 在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、A2、A3B1、B2、B340第一种orable aspects.First, puters can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high

24、 speed of calculation. Besides, people can municate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, puters create wide munication around the world. People can municate with each other via the Internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every

25、coin had two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since puters can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on then and be e lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to municate with each other by E-mail, the or

26、iginal warm relationship may be e cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, puters can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost. 41第二种模例如：A proverb says, “Like father, like son.” But the

27、proverb doesnt seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.First, my grandfather is introverted, while my father is extroverted. We can easily read what is on my fathers mind, but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about. Next, my

28、 grandfather is always indifferent to children. He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him. In contrast, my father is very warm-hearted to children. He likes to talk with them, so the children in my family all like him. Finally, my grandfather is obstinate. Once he had

29、 made a decision, he never changes it. However, my father, even after he has made a decision, will ask others for opinions. If he thinks the opinions are reasonable, he might change his mind.Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance, they differ in character,

30、thinking and behavior.42常见的比较对ly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally, important, bothand, the same as 常用的表示对照的过渡性词语有： on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in/ by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast,

31、 conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, (al)though, even though, whereas/ while, it is truebut, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, differ(ent) from, contrary to43因因果果法法（Cause a么”这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果，也多见于说明文和论述文。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因

32、果方式扩展段落时通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。44因果法days society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of

33、women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are be ing more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.45e, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, thus

34、, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that, result in, contribute to 46（三）方法 结尾段常用的的核心句型47结尾的部分。开头引起读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文论述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更容易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好的文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起的作用。48常用的结尾49常用的结尾化主题印象。如：

35、In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents. It is only when parents and children e to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章通过in conclusion引出对前面所作论述的归纳，使主题更加明确。50常用

36、的结尾思想。如：Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied mans energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章对前文的观

37、点进行了重复，使之更加鲜明。51常用的结尾o sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章通过对未来积极的展望，说明了爱在生活中的重要性。5

38、2常用的结尾呼吁人们采取相应的行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society, sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public. The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census.分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出建议，以保证人

39、口普查的顺利进行。53常用的结尾心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern. But in the deep part of their hearts, they must feel lonely. They need their children to stay with, to talk with, and take care of them. Why cant young people think of the days when they ar

40、e getting old分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为什么不想想自己年老时的情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。54常用的结尾心思想。如：Many yeas ago, a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that “Knowledge is power.” This can now be translated into contemporary terms. In our social setting, “Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition

41、, fueling the great engine of technology, means accelerating change.分析: 文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言的结构，指出“知识就是变化”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻的印象。55结尾段常用d above （Taking into account all these factors / Judgingfrom all evidence offered）, we may safely draw （reach / e to / arrive at）the conclusion that .All the evidence （analys

42、is）supports （justifies / confirms / warrants / points to）a（n）unshakable （unmistakable / sound / just）conclusion that .It is high time that we place （lay / put）great （special / considerable）emphasis onthe improvement （development / increase / promotion）of .56结尾段常用t an end to the deep-seated （unhealth

43、y / undesirable /deplorable）situation （tendency / phenomenon）of .We must look （search / call / cry）for an immediate action （method / measure）,because the present （current）situation （phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude）of , if permitted （allowed）to continue （proceed）, will surely （certainly）lead

44、 to （result in）the end （destruction / heavy cost）of .57结尾段常用ate / effective）solution （approach / answer / remedy）tothe problem of , but might be useful （helpful / beneficial）.No easy method （solution / recipe / remedy）can be at hand （found / guaranteed）to solve （resolve / tackle）the problem of , but

45、 the mon （general / public）recognition of （realization of / awareness of / mitment to）the necessity （importance / significance）of might be the first step towards change （on the right way / in the right direction）.58结尾段常用hods （suggestions）may not guarantee the success in （solutionto）, but the pay-off

46、 will be worth the effort.Obviously （Clearly / No doubt）, if we ignore （are blind to）the problem, there isevery chance that .Unless there is a mon realization of （general mitment to）, it is very likely（the chances are good）that .59结尾段常用ubt （no denying）that serious （special / adequate / immediate /fu

47、rther）attention must be called （paid / devoted）to the problem of .It is necessary （essential / fundamental）that effective （quick / proper）action （steps/measures / remedies）should be taken to prevent （correct /check / end / fight）the situation （tendency / phenomenon）.60结尾段常用t efforts should be direct

48、ed to （expended on / focused on）finding（developing / improving）.It remains to be seen whether , but the prospect （outlook）is not quite encouraging（that rosy）.Anyhow, wider （more）education （publicity）should be given to the possible（potential / grave /serious / pernicious）consequences （effects）of .61结

49、尾段常用ck / control）the trend （tendency）is not a light task （an easy job）,and it requires （demands / involves / entails）a different state of mind towards （attitude towards / outlook on）.For these reasons, I strongly re mend that .For the reasons given above, I feel that .62二、写作63议64概针对某一有争议性的两种观点，来阐述自己

50、的立场，或对这一问题反映出的某一观点进行驳斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以论证。它的基本形式是：一些人认为；另一些人认为；我的看法。这种文章的基本结构如下：65议论文oduction(启) Paragraph 2 Analysis(承) Paragraph 3 Conclusion(转合)66议论文67My view on Datnn is a fact of modern life. Some argue that data collection is endangering the rights of individuals, though others see it as a useful