薄冰高中英语语法之21·it用法和there-be句型(共10页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 薄冰高中英语语法之 it用法和there be句型主 编 薄 冰 执行主编 庄志琳 葛炳芳 田绍慧山西教育出版社2014年最新版出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 张荣荣ISBN 978-7-5440-5630-4 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处

2、：第一可以使你学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、

3、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 薄冰高中英语语法it用法和th

4、ere be句型目 录211 It用法 作人称代词 作形式主语或形式宾语 引导强调句212 There be句型 There be句型的肯定式 There be句型的疑问式 There be句型的否定式 There be句型的用法 There be和have的用法分析213 单元练习Unit 21 it用法和There be句型21-1 it用法代词it的用法比较复杂。it可代替具体的事物，也可代替抽象的东西，还可表示天气、时间、距离等自然现象。此外，it还可作先行词，作形式主语、形式宾语和引出强调句型。1 作人称代词可代替一切生物和事物，也常用来指天气、时间、距离以及环境等情况，以及上文提到

5、过的或下文将要提到的人、物或某种情况。如：There is a strong horse under the tree. It belongs to the army.树下有一匹壮马，它是属于部队的。（表示上文提到过的马。）Where is my watch? 我的手表在哪里? Its on the desk. 它在桌子上。（表示上文提到过的手表。） It was very fine yesterday. 昨天天气很好。（表示天气。）Who is knocking on the door? 谁在敲门? It must be my brother. 一定是我弟弟吧。（指人。） What time

6、 is it? 几点了?Its seven. 七点了。（指时间。） Its only two hundred metres from his home to his school. 他家离学校只有两百米。（指距离。）It is snowing hard. 在下大雪。（表示自然现象。）The child smiled when it saw its mother. 小孩见到母亲就笑了。（指小孩。）试题解析： 1. When can we come to visit you?Anytime you feel _ .A. one B. so C. for it D. like it【答案选D】it指

7、代上文中提到的时间；feel like意为“喜欢”。 2. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder，but _ didnt help.A. he B. which C. she D .it 【答案选D】译文：汤姆的妈妈不断地跟他讲他应该更努力地工作，但这没有用。 2 作形式主语或形式宾语it作先行词，真正的主语或宾语通常是不定式、动词-ing形式或名词性从句。如：Its illegal to drive without a license. 无证驾驶是违法的。（形式主语，代替动词不定式。）Is it true that h

8、e has failed? 他失败了，是真的吗? （形式主语，代替主语从句。）Its no use crying over the spilt milk. 牛奶倒翻了，哭也没有用。（后悔莫及。） （形式主语，代替动词-ing短语。）She made it clear that she didnt want to speak to me. 她表达得很清楚，她不想和我讲话。（形式宾语，代替宾语从句。）Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in

9、language learning. 有些智商好、在自己的研究领域非常有成就的人发现自己在语言学习方面却难以成功。（形式宾语，代替动词不定式。）试题解析： 1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. This C. That D. It 【答案选D】译文：事实就是英语正被当作一种世界性的语言而被接受。it作形式主语，代替that从句。 2. I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without mu

10、ch memory work. A. this B. that C. its D. it 【答案选D】译文：如果没有做很多的记忆工作，我认为要掌握一门语言是不可能的。代词it在句中作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式to master a foreign.。3 引导强调句强调句式的结构为“It is. that.”。被强调的部分放在It is后。除强调人时用who，whom外，其余情况都用连词that。被强调的对象仅限于句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语和部分状语（包括状语从句），即除谓语和定语以外的句子成分。这部分状语主要包括地点状语及从句、时间状语、由before，when，after，not

11、until等引起的时间状语从句、由because，because of 引起的原因状语及从句、由by引起的方式状语等。基本句式：It be 强调对象 who / whom / that 句子其余部分。强调的对象是人时，可用who，whom或that，其余情况一律用that；当强调对象在从句中作主语时用who / that，当强调对象在从句中作宾语时用whom / that。如：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我父亲在实验室做实验。It was my father who did the experim

12、ent in the lab yesterday evening.（强调主语）It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.（强调宾语）It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. （注意强调时间状语不用when）It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. （注意强调地点状语不用where）It was onl

13、y you who cared for me. 关心我的只有你。（强调主语） It is his sister whom / that I have fallen in love with. 我爱上的是他的姐姐。（强调宾语） It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. 她是在树下找到了她丢失的钱包。（强调地点状语） It was last week that I attended an art exhibition for the first time. 就是上周我第一次参观一个艺术展览。（强调时间状语） It was not

14、 until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. 我是在他打碎了我最喜爱的花瓶时才生气的。（强调状语从句） 试题解析： 1. _ that he managed to get the information?Oh，a friend of his helped him. A. Where was it B. What was it C. How was it D. Why was it【答案选B】本题考查了强调句的特殊疑问句。根据答语可知问句意为“他是怎样得到这个消息的”。 2. It is the ability to do th

15、e job _ matters not where you come from or what you are.A. one B. that C. what D. it 【答案选B】本题结构较为复杂，matter的含义是“重要，要紧”（=be important），全句意思是“做这项工作的能力，而不是你来自何处，是干什么的”。本题属于It is.that.的强调句型，被强调的是the ability to do the job，后半句则省略了相关成分，即：It is not where you come from or what you are but the ability to do th

16、e job that matters. 3. It wasnt until nearly a month later _ I received the managers reply. A. since B. when C. as D. that【答案选D】此题考查not.until.的强调句式。not.until.的句型变换常考查强调句和倒装句两种。译文：直到将近一个月之后我才得到经理的答复。该句可还原为：I didnt receive the managers reply until nearly a month later.注意： 强调句如果还原成陈述句的话，句子成分是完整的，如果不完整，

17、那必然是别的从句而不是强调句。It was the town where we lived for 3 years. 这就是定语从句，因为还原以后的句子为：We lived the town for 3 years. 缺少介词in。而：It was in the town that we lived for 3 years. 这就是一个强调句了。 被强调部分也可以是疑问词，这时要将疑问词置于句首，构成一个特殊疑问句。如：Why is it that you want to leave so soon? 你到底为什么这么早就要走?（Why do you want to leave so soon

18、?） 如果一个句子可以用do，does，did来构成否定句，那么，它就可以用“do / does / did动词原形”这一结构来对谓语动词进行强调。如：Do be more careful next time. 下次一定要更仔细。She did go there alone. 她确实一个人单独去了那儿。21-2 There be句型There be是一种常见的“表示存在”的句型。在这个句型中，there为引导词，本身无意义。它用作“语法主语”，即在改疑问句要求“主谓倒置”时，there被看作是主语，而将be动词提到主语（there）前。在反意疑问句等的构成中，亦是如此，There be后面是真

19、正的主语，be动词也要与这个真正的主语在人称和数上保持一致。本句型一般不与进行时或完成进行时态连用。1 There be句型的肯定式(1) 表示人或物的存在。如：In Cologne， theres a church next to the railway station. 在科隆，火车站旁边有座教堂。There are fewer people in Canada than in the USA. 加拿大比美国人少。(2) 说明信息，如通知、报道及安排等。如：There is going to be a basketball match between the Houston Rockets

20、 and the Los Angeles Lakers next Saturday evening. 下周六晚上有一场休斯顿火箭队和洛杉矶湖人队之间的篮球赛。There was a serious traffic accident at the crossroads west of the hospital this morning，killing both drivers at once and injuring two pedestrians. 今天早晨医院西面十字路口发生了一起严重的车祸，两个驾驶员都当场死亡，另有两位行人受伤。试题解析：Why are those policemen o

21、utside the bank? _ a robbery.A. There isB. It isC. There has beenD. It has been【答案选C】译文：“银行门口为什么有警察?”“因为发生了抢劫。” (3) 说明自然现象，注意与it句型的不同用法。如：Its raining again. There has been too much rain at this time of year. 又在下雨了。今年这个时候雨也下得太多了。It was windy last night. There was still a strong wind this morning. 昨晚刮

22、风。今天早晨还是刮大风。2 There be句型的疑问式There be句型的疑问式，只需将be移到there之前，回答用yes或no，后接简略答语。如：Is there a gymnasium in your school? 你的学校有健身房吗?Yes， there is. 有的。No， there isnt. 没有。试题解析：There has been a great increase in retail sales， _ ?A. does there B. isnt there C. hasnt there D. isnt it 【答案选C】译文：目前零售有很大的增长，是不是? 3 T

23、here be句型的否定式There be句型的否定式，只需将not / never加在be之后，或在真正的主语前加否定词no。如：There isnt any rice and egg in the kitchen. 厨房里没有蛋炒饭。There are no teachers and no students in the classrooms now. They are on the playground for the sports meeting. 现在教室里没有老师，也没有学生。他们在操场上开运动会。4 There be句型的用法(1) 除be动词外，谓语动词还可以是其他的动词：re

24、main，lie，live，stand， exist，appear，arrive，come，go，rise，enter，follow等。这些动词一般都是表示状态或位置移动的。如：There exists no life on the moon. 月球上不存在生命。Long，long ago，there lived an emperor who cared more for new clothes than for anything else in the world. 很久以前，有一个皇帝，他喜欢新衣胜过喜欢世界上其他任何东西。There rose a smoke from the jar.

25、从坛子里升起一阵烟。(2) There be句型中的动词还可以和情态动词连用，表示不同的语气。如：There must be something wrong with the clock. 钟一定出问题了。（表示肯定的推测。）Can there have been a better way to deal with the problem?当时可能有一个更好的办法来处理这个问题吗?No， there cant. 不可能。（表示疑问或否定的推测。）There should have been more people doing that. 应当有更多的人做这项工作。（should have do

26、ne表示责备。）There must be rules for the changes. 这些变化一定是有规律的。试题解析：Ten years ago， _ 500 children at the school. Now _ over a thousand.A. there must be；there areB. there were；there must have beenC. there might have been；there are D. there couldnt be；there are【答案选C】 译文：10年前这所学校可能只有500名孩子。现在有一千多名。 (3) There

27、 be句型后除了接名词或代词外，还可接动名词（作主语）。如：There is no knowing what may happen. 谁也不知道将要发生什么事。(4) There be句型还可以用在非谓语结构中，即there to be 和 there being。其用法归纳如下：there to be 的用法用作动词的复合宾语。如：Would you like there to be a picture on the wall? 你喜欢墙壁上挂一张画吗?We dont want there to be any one lagging behind. 我们不希望有一个人掉队。I dont wa

28、nt there to be any misunderstanding between us. 我不希望我们之间有什么误会。用在It be adj. for.的结构中。如：It is impossible for there to be any more chance. 不可能再有机会了。It was too late for there to be any buses. 时间太晚，不会有公共汽车了。there being 的用法用作介词后的复合宾语。如：I never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall. 我从未想到墙壁上有幅画。 I w

29、as wrong about there being some misunderstanding between us.认为我们之间有误解是我的错误。作状语用的独立结构。如：There being nothing to do， we went home. 因为没有什么事情要办，我们就回家了。There being nobody else at hand， I had to do it by myself. 由于身边没有别人，我只得自己干了。试题解析： _ no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry.A. There having beenB.

30、 There has been C. There had been D. There was 【答案选A】译文：因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。5 There be和have的用法分析have和there be都可以表示“有”。have表示“所有”，there be表示“存在”。但在什么情况下，have和there be可以互换使用呢?(1) 当have表示“包括”时可以用There be句型替换。如：The year has four seasons. =There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。(2) 当have表示“存在”时可以用There be

31、句型替换。如：Beijing has many universities.=There are many universities in Beijing.北京有许多大学。(3) 当have的主语是人称意义很淡薄的we或they时可以用There be句型替换。如：Weve had a lot of rain lately.=There has been a lot of rain lately. 最近下了很多雨。 21-3 单元练习. 选择最佳答案填空。(1) Did you find your pen yesterday?No， I didnt find _ . But lve bought

32、 _ .A. it； itB. one； itC. it； oneD. one； one(2) Why dont we take a little break?Didnt we just have _ ?A. itB. thatC. oneD. this(3) I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have _ .A. itB. thoseC. themD. one(4) _ tomorrow， we would put off the match till next Monday.A. Should it rainedB. Wer

33、e it to rainC. If it would rain D. Had it rained(5) I dont think _ worth while taking so much trouble to do the job.A. this B. thatC. thoseD. it(6) Was _ careful enough _ him to type that letter without a mistake?A. he； for B. that； of C. it； ofD. that； for(7) Have you finished reading the book?Not

34、yet. In fact I find _ .A. very difficult to understandB. it very difficult to understandC. it very hard understandingD. it very hard to be understood(8) They believe _ reasonable to send Professor Liu abroad for further study.A. that B. itC. thisD. which(9) There used to be a hospital in this villag

35、e twenty years ago, _ ?A. used there B. used it C. didnt itD. usednt there(10) There is going to be an English get-together on the playground tonight， _ ?A. isnt thereB. is there C. arent there D. isnt it. 对画线部分提问。 (1) There are five people in my family. (2) There is a little milk in the mug. (3) Th

36、ere is going to be a basketball match tomorrow evening. (4) There are all kinds of animals in the zoo. (5) There will be a lecture by a famous professor this afternoon. 用“It is (was).that (who， whom)”强调结构改写下列句子（强调画线部分）。 (1) When he was about to go out it began to rain. (2) He didnt go to school yest

37、erday because he was ill. (3) I am looking for my English teacher. (4) The people in the country were friendly to us. (5) Mr Zhang teaches us physics every Tuesday.【参考答案】 .(1) C (2) C (3) D (4) B (5) D (6) C (7) B (8) B (9) D (10) A .(1) How many people are there in your family? (2) How much milk is

38、 there in the mug? (3) What is there going to be tomorrow evening? (4) What kinds of animals are there in the zoo? (5) When will there be a lecture by a famous professor? .(1) It was when he was about to go out that it began to rain.(2) It was because he was ill that he didnt go to school yesterday.(3) It is my English teacher that / whom I am looking for.(4) It was the people in the country who / that were friendly to us.(5) It is us that Mr Zhang teaches physics every Tuesday.专心-专注-专业