2015年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三套)(共18页).docx

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一 A When Nijay Williams entered college last fall as a firstgeneration student and Jamaican immigrant,he was academically unprepared for the rigors of higher education. Like many firstgenerationstudents, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were

2、alsoattending, received a Pell Grant, and took out some small federal loans to cover other costs.Given the high price of room and board and the closeness of the school to his family, he chose tolive at home and worked between 30 and 40 hours a week while taking a full class schedule. B What Nijay di

3、dnt realize about his schoolTennessee State Universitywas its frighteningly lowgraduation rate: a mere 29 percent for its first-generation students. At the end of his first year,Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $ 5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.0 GPA cut-off, making itimpossible for him to conti

4、nue paying for school. C Nijay represents a large and growing group of Americans: firstgeneration college students whoenter school unprepared or behind. To make matters worse, these schools are ill-equipped tograduate these studentsyoung adults who face specific challenges and obstacles. They typica

5、llycarry financial burdens that outweigh those of their peers, are more likely to work while attendingschool, and often require significant academic remediation (补习). D Matt Rubinoff directs Im First, a nonprofit organization launched last October to reach out to thisspecific population of students.

6、 He hopes to distribute this information and help prospectivecollege-goers fmd the best post-secondary fit. And while Rubinoff believes there are a goodnumber of fouryear schools that truly care about these students and set aside significant resourcesand programs for them, he says that number isnt h

7、igh enough. E Its not only the selective and elite institutions that provide those opportunities for a small subsetof this population, Rubinoff said, adding that a majority of first-generation undergraduates tendtoward options such as online programs, twoyear colleges, and commuter state schools.Unf

8、ortunately, there tends to be a lack of information and support to help students think biggerand broader. F Despite this problem, many students are still drawn to these institutions-and two-year schools inparticular. As a former high school teacher, I saw students choose familiar, cheaper options ye

9、arafter year. Instead of skipping out on higher education altogether, they chose community collegesor state schools with low bars for admittance. GThey underestimate themselves when selecting a university,said Dave Jarrat, a marketingexecutive for Inside Track, a forprofit organization that speciali

10、zes in coaching low-income studentsand supporting colleges in order to help students thrive. The reality of it is that a lot of low-incomekids could be going to elite tufiversities on a full ride scholarship and dont even realize it. H Many students are coming from a situation where no one around th

11、em has the experience ofsuccessfully completing higher education, so they are coming in questioning themselves and theircollege worthiness, Jarrat continued. That helps explain why, as Im Firsts Rubinoff indicated,the schools to which these students end up resorting can end up being some of the poor

12、estmatches for them. The University of Tennessee in Knoxville offers one example of this dilemma. Aflagship university in the South, the school graduates just 16 percent of its firstgenerationstudents, despite its overall graduation rate of 71 percent. Located only a few hours apart, TheUniversity o

13、f Tennessee and Tennessee State are worth comparing. Tennessee States overallgraduation rate is a tiny 39 percent, but at least it has a smaller gap between the outcomes forfirstgenerat.ion students and those of their peers.I Still, the University of Tennessee deserves credit for being transparent.

14、Many large institutionskeep this kind of data secretor at least make it incredibly difficult to find The University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, for instance, admits only that the graduation rate for its firstgeneration pupils is much lower than the percentage of all students who graduate within

15、 fouryears (81 percent).J It is actually quite difficult to fred reliable statistics on the issue for many schools.Highereducation institutions are, under federal law, required to report graduation rates, but thesereports typically only include Pell recipient numbersnot necessarily rates specific to

16、 fLrstgeneration students. Other initiatives fail to break down the data, too. Imagine how intimidating itcan be for prospecitive students unfamiliar with the complexities of higher education to navigatethis kind of information and then identify which schools are the best fit. K It was this lack of

17、information that prompted the launch of Im First in 2013, originally as an annof its umbrella organization, the Center For Student Opportunity.If we can help to directstudents to more of these types of campuses and help students to understand them to be realisticand accessible places, have them appl

18、y to these schools at greater frequency and ultimately get inand enroll, we are going to raise the success rate, Rubinoff said, citing a variety of collegesranging from large state institutions to smaller private schools. L Chelsea Jones, who now directs student programming at Im First, was a firstg

19、eneration college student at Howard. Like other student new to the intimidating highereducation world, she often struggled on her path to college, There wasnt really a collegebound cnlture at my high school, she said. I wanted to go to college but I didnt really know the process. Jones became involv

20、ed with a collegeaccess program through Princeton University in high school. Now, she attributes much of her understanding of college to that: But once I got to campus, it was a completely different ball game that no one really prepared me for. M She was fortunate, though. Howard, a wellregarded his

21、torically black college, had an array of resources for its firstgeneration students, including matching kids with counselors, comecting first generation students to one another, and TRIO, a national program that supported 200 students onHowards campus. Still, Jones represents a small percentage of f

22、irst-generation students who areable to gain entry into more elite universities, which are often known for robust financial aidpackages and remarkably high graduation rates for firstgeneration students.(Harvard, forexample, boasts a sixyear graduation rate for underrepresented minority groups of 98

23、percent. ) NChristian Vazquez, a firstgeneration Yale graduate, is another exception, his success story settinghim far apart from students such as Nijay. There is a lot of support at Yale, to an extent, after awhile, there is too much support, he said, halfjoking about the countless resources availa

24、ble atthe school. Students are placed in small groups with counselors ( trained seniors on campus) ;they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity (联系) groups, tutoring centers and also have asummer orientation specifically for firstgeneration students ( the latter being one of the mostcommon prog

25、rams for students). OOur support structure was more like : You are going to get through Yale; you are going to dowell, he said, hinting at mentors (导师), staff, and professors who all provided significantsupport for students who lacked confidence about belonging at such a top institution.46. Many fir

26、stgeneration collegegoers have doubts about their abilities to get a college degree.47. Firstgeneration college students tend to have much heavier financial burdens than their peers.48. The graduation rate of firstgeneration students at Nijays university was incredibly low.49. Some top institutions

27、like Yale seem to provide firstgeneration students with more support than they actually need.50. On entering college, Nijay Williams had no idea how challenging college education was.51. Many universities simply refuse to release their exact graduation rates for first-generation students.52. Accordi

28、ng to a marketing executive, many students from low-income families dont know they could have a chance of going to an elite university.53. Some elite universities attach great importance to building up the firstgeneration students serfconfidence.54. Im First distributes information to help first-gen

29、eration college-goers find schools that are most suitable for them.55. Elite universities tend to graduate fnst-generation students at a higher rate.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there

30、are four choices marked A., B., C. andD . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care,

31、some of the most influentialmedical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectivenessof treatments, as they make decisions about patient care.The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it,suggests that doc

32、tors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively aboutindividual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent. In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drugover another for cost reasons or even decidi

33、ng that a particular treatmentat the end of life, forexampleis too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisionsbased on cost is a form of rationing. Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones areexpected to mak

34、e doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, eventhough theres no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurancecomoanies to help determine reimbursement (报销) policies. Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers

35、 of patient care and fmancialOverseers.There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldntbe functioning simultaneously as doctors, said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He saiddoctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, Im not

36、 going to do what I think is bestfor you because I think its bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts. Doctors can face some grim tradeoffs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are aboutequally effective in treating macular degeneration, and eye disease. But one costs $ 50 a dose a

37、nd theother close to $ 2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used thecheaper drug, Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis. But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye. and using itrather than the alternative, Lucent

38、is, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Shoulddoctors consider Medicares budget in deciding what to use?I think ethically (在道德层面上) we are just worried about the patient in front of us and nottrying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole, said Dr. Donald J

39、ensen. Still, some analysts say that theres a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not manyothers are doing so. In some ways, said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, it represents a failure of wider societyto take up the issue. 56. What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do?A. R

40、eflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.B. Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.C. Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.D. Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.57. What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past?A.

41、 Specific medicines to be used.B. Effects of medical treatment.C. Professional advancement.D. Patients trust.58. What may the new guidelines being developed lead to?A. The redefining of doctors roles. B. Overuse of less effective medicines. C. Conflicts between doctors and patients.D. The prolonging

42、 of patients suffering.59. What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers?A. They may be involved in a conflict of interest.B. They may be forced to divide their attention. C. They may have to use less effective drugs.D. They may lose the respect of pat

43、ients.60. What do some experts say about doctors involvement in medical cost analysis?A. It may add to doctors already heavy workloads.B. It will help to save money for society as a whole.C. It results from societys failure to tackle the problem.D. It raises doctors awareness of their social respons

44、ibilities.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Economic inequality is the defining challenge of our time, President Barack Obama declared in aspeech last month to the Center for American Progress. Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merelybecause it doesnt look good t

45、o have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequalityitself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty. Increasedinequality and decreasing mobility pose a fundamental threat to the American Dream, he said. Obama is only the most prominent public

46、 figure to declare inequality Public Enemy No. 1 and thegreatest threat to reducing poverty in America. A number of prominent economists have also arguedthat its harder for the poor to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs (横档 ) in that ladderhave grown farther apart. For all the new att

47、ention devoted to the 1 percent, a new damset from the Equality of OpportunityProject at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that, if we care about upward mobility overall, were vastlyexaggerating the dangers of the richpoor gap. Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor ofeconomic mobility

48、, as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data. So what factors, at the community level, do predict if poor children will move up the economicladder as adtdts? what explains, for instance, why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100largest metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta metro area is oneof the least likely? Harvard economist Raj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation, community density,the size of a communitys middle class, the quality of schools, commtmity religiosity, and fam